The Nuclear Energy Industry in Saudi Arabia Term Paper

The Nuclear Energy Industry in Saudi Arabia - Term Paper Example Saudi Arabia has 16 percent of the oil reserves proven in the world, ranks highest in the exportation of petroleum liquids and has the largest capacity to export crude oil in the entire world (Independent statistics and analysis, Para 2). The nuclear energy industry in Saudi follows Canada as the second largest exporter of petroleum in the ranking for petroleum exporters to the United States. It takes the fifth position in the world’s largest reserve for natural gas through its production is limited. The industry has plans for increasing the capacity to produce electricity to 120GW to meet the growing electricity demand in the country. The major areas of the industry are the refining of natural gas, petrochemicals, crude oil, petroleum and mineral resources. (Independent statistics and analysis, Para 4). The industry has huge oil reserves for oil with Ghawar field being the largest oil field in the world. Saudi Arabia has the highest rate of oil consumption in the world and holds the highest position for crude oil production in the world. Saudi Aramco has an oil processing facility that is the greatest in the entire world and eight domestic refineries for crude oil. It has the fifth largest reserves for natural gas though it does not export any of its production. The natural gas produced therefore is used for domestic consumption. The increased demand for electricity has pushed the need for the industry to increase electricity generation. This will be necessitated by an increase in nuclear power, solar power and other renewable sources and reducing the overall amount of crude oil burning. The Saudi Electric company is the main electricity generator in Saudi Arabia, followed by the Saline Water conversion corporation. Saudi Aramco has its own power plants that generate power for its o wn use in the oil facilities (Banks 120). There was an announcement by the Gulf Cooperation Council in December 2006 that it was conducting a study on a peaceful use  of nuclear energy.  

Hsa 520 week 6 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hsa 520 week 6 - Coursework Example There is no guarantee that the policy the managers have set to help in the attainment of the goals and objectives will actually work, which is why it is crucial that the management have a backup plan in case the one in place fails. The second function of management is organizing. In performing this function, management makes use of the data collected from the planning process in order to assemble the right assets required to effectively actualize complete the techniques and tasks of the job. It is somewhat one of the most important functions given the fact that it somehow acts as a predecessor to all the other functions. Tasks are delegated in such a way that the success of each personnel contributes to the success of each department, which ultimately contributes to the overall success of the organization. Organizing can be said to be the spine of the organization, seeing that without it the organization will ultimately crumble and fall. It does not only involve arranging of the activities and function, but also the arranging of the personnel to perform their assigned tasks in the organization. The third function of management is directing. This function involves the management trying to make the employees perform to the best of their expertise in order to guarantee the success of the organization. Through this function, the manager is able to influence and keep an eye on the behaviour of the personnel in order to steer them towards attaining the goals of the company and their own personal and career goals. Directing is what the manager does in order to ascertain that the tasks assigned to the personnel are completed in the stipulated time (Tan, 2011). Lastly, there is controlling. This entails monitoring the progress taking place within the organization and making the necessary changes if need be. It essentially

My ecological footprint

My ecological footprint My ecological footprint percentage is 70.82%. We would need 4.51 earths if everyone had the lifestyle that I lead. The results made me feel concerned because my footprint is below average by almost 20 percent, which seems like a lot to me. I was surprised that my results were so poor because I think of myself as someone who is environmentally conscious. I do not litter by throwing garbage on the street. If a garbage can is not conveniently located by me, I carry the garbage with me until I can find a garbage can. Because of little things like this, I was surprised that my ecological footprint is so low. That is why I think this was a worthwhile assignment because it educated me about how environmentally friendly I am. I would realistically reduce my footprint by about 25% by using cleaner transport. Usually I drive whenever I need to go somewhere, but I think from now on whenever possible, I will take the Metro Transit bus instead. I think that resource depletion is likely to increase as Developing Countries attempt to increase their standard of living. The country where I am from, a developing country, Yemen, does not have as large an ecological footprint as Canada does. In our cities, cars are used a lot but in the countryside, people uses horses and camels as their main way of transporting themselves. Yemen is trying to become more developed like the West, but so far it has not worked out that well. Originally, because Yemen started out as a kingdom, only the King had a car but over time, as it became a republic, cars became more common as everyday people began driving them in the cities. I think that as Yemen seeks to become more like the Western world, especially the United States, resource depletion will become more pronounced. Developing Nations should not have the right to deplete resources just to become more like the West, because that will make just the situation with the environment worse as time go es on. If every country has a large ecological footprint, then we will increasingly need more earths to satisfy everyones energy consumption. The article, found on http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=16168. says that people in Europe are relying too much on groundwater. If this continues, then the water supply could become a problem. If that happens, the price of water will go up, and this will be bad for the world economy because everyone needs water. If people who need it cannot afford to pay for it, then that could be an economic, as well as environmental, disaster. The root cause of this problem is that people are relying too much on groundwater. We can reduce our footprint as countries by making sure that some people do not get extra water, while others go without. References Retrieved online on May 18, 2009 at http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=16168

Ferdinand Magellan :: essays research papers

Ferdinand Magellan was bornabout 1480 in Sabrosa of a noble Portuguese family. His parents, who were members of nobility, died when he was about10 years old. At the age of 12, Magellan became a page to Queen Leanor at the royal court. Such a position commonly served as a means of education for sons of the Portuguese nobility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the court, Magellan learned about the voyages of such explorers as Christopher Columbus of Italy and Vasco da Gama of Portugal. He also learned the fundamentalsof navigation. In 1496, Magellan was promoted to rank of squire and became a clerk in the marine department. There, he helped outfit ships for trade along the west coast of Arfica.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magellan first went into sea in 1505, when he sailed to India with the fleet of Francisco Almeida, Portugal’s first ruler to that country. In 1506, Magellan went on an expedition sent by Almeida to the east coast of Africa to strengthen Portuguese bases there. The next year, he returned to India, where he participated in trade and in several naval battles against Turkish fleets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1509, Magellan sailed with a Portuguese fleet to Malaka, a commercial center in what is now Malaysia. The Malays attacked the Portuguese who went to shore, and Magellan helped rescue his comrades. In 1511, he took part in an expedition that conquered Malaka. After this victory, a Portuguese fleet sailed farther to the Spice Islands which were called the Molucca Islands. Portugal claimed the islands at this time. Magellan’s close personal friend Francisco Serraro went along on the voyage to the Spice Islands and wrote to Magellan, describing the route and the island of Ternate. Serrao’s letters helped establish in Magellan’s mind the location of the Spice Islands, which later became the destination of his great voyage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magellan returned to Portugal in1513. He then joined a military expedition to Morocco. On this expedition, Magellan would suffer a wound that would make him limp for the rest of his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After returning to Portugal from Morocco, Magellan sought the support of King Manuel 1 for a voyage to the Spice Islands. The best maps available had convinced Magellan that he could reach the Spice Islands by sailing south of South America. Magellan beleived such a route would be shorter than the eastward voyage around the southern tip of Africa and across the Indian Ocean. However, Manuel disliked Magellan and refused to support the proposed voyage.

Love Is Sacrifice Essay

I left work today realizing just how fortunate I am to be on the track towards a successful career. And on top of that, the fact that I actually enjoy my job makes it even better! It’s definitely been a long road. I think about how I had to deal with rude and ignorant customers as a convenient store cashier during junior high, the strenuous labor working alongside my mother at the dry cleaners in high school, and then finally those dreaded double shifts waiting tables for three years during college. And yet I look at what I have today and realize that I haven’t obtained these things for myself. All of it has been provided by the hands of the good Lord, and the sacrifice of my parents. It’s truly amazing what a parent’s love for his/her child can accomplish. How much they are willing to sacrifice for the sake of their children. I must say without a doubt that is one of the most important lessons my parents have taught me. Love is sacrifice. My parents immigrated to the U.S. in 1979. My mother came to this country first in January of that year, along with her parents and her siblings. She left behind her husband and her two daughters in search of a better life for all of us. Being away from your child even for a minute is the hardest thing to do as a mother. Not a day went by during our separation that she didn’t think of us, did not long to hold us in her arms and to sing us to sleep with sweet lullabies. She fought back tears and endured heartache every day, but she knew that in the long run, this would all be worth it. My dad tells me that during this time while I was in Korea under his sole care, I would look up at all the airplanes that flew by and cry out, â€Å"Um-ma, Um-ma† (mother in Korean). My father would shake his head and tell me that it wasn’t my mother and I would burst into tears. My father and my aunts (his sisters) told me they had never seen an infant cry as much as I did during the time my mother was gone. Finally, almost a year later in December of 1979, we were reunited with my mother at the Chicago O’Hare International Airport. My father likes to tell me how our reunion was delayed, because I had to use the bathroom and couldn’t hold it in. So the flight was delayed twenty minutes for its departure to the good old USA because of little moi and her weak bladder (oops!). When I finally saw my mother, I immediately ran into her arms. I must have been the happiest little girl in the world at that very moment. But my sister (who was not even one at the time my mother left) didn’t recognize her and clung to my father refusing to go into my mother’s arms. I can’t imagine the heartache my mother must have felt when her own child didn’t recognize her. Even as my mother retold the story to us, she choked with emotion recalling the alienation she sensed at that moment. What a sacrifice she made. But a child never forgets the womb from which she was conceived and in no time at all, my sister was Mom’s little baby girl again. My mother is my role model of strength and courage. My parents had heard such wonderful stories about life in America. But life wasn’t wonderful in the beginning. My grandparents, two uncles, my aunt, and my parents all lived together in a small apartment in Maryland. They could hardly speak the native language. They had no money to their name. They were starting off from scratch. They began as cashiers at local convenient stores, worked in dry cleaners, and basically took whatever job they could get. Here they were, educated and skilled, yet working these blue-collar jobs in the hopes that one day their children wouldn’t have to. My parents both worked long hours. We hardly saw them and soon found ourselves becoming â€Å"latch-key† kids. My sister, brother, and I basically grew up taking care of ourselves. My father was also attending seminary at the same time studying to be a pastor, which I think ended up being one of the greatest sacrifices he made. There’s no money in ministry. No glory. Very little benefits. But I learned quickly that the treasures on Earth fade away just as quickly as the sun rises and the sun sets. My father saw the eternal reward and was willing to sacrifice everything he had for it†¦ including a comfortable life for himself and his family. I find myself awestruck at how my father even raised a family of five on his salary. I make more than double what he ever made as a pastor. And I’m having a hard enough time managing my finances as a single person, much less raising a family. Yet my father knew this was his calling in life and he knew it would not be an easy road for any of us. My father is my role model of sacrifice and incredible faith. My sister and I had to work our way through college, studying diligently when we weren’t working odd jobs to pay off our tuition and rent. Though those years were hard and we found ourselves ready to give up at certain points of our college career, we made it through. But I remember the moments where I felt I just couldn’t go on living like this. I remember vividly one night during my sophomore year in college when I came home after a horrible night at the restaurant and found myself weeping quietly in the corner of my room (hoping my roommates wouldn’t hear). I stayed there the rest of the night, wishing with all my heart that my life were different. Yet it was the hope and dreams of something better down the road that got me through those hard days. Although my parents couldn’t give us much in terms of material things, they gave us so much more. My sister, brother, and I have a deep appreciation and understanding of hard work and sacrifice. Having experienced the hardships ourselves, we are only that much more grateful for what our parents did for us. The chance they took to go to a different country where everything was foreign to them so that they could give their children a better life than they had known for themselves. To sacrifice their own dreams and ambitions so that we could see ours come true. Now as college graduates with promising careers, my parents proudly see that their sacrifice was well worth it. Mere words cannot say thank you enough.

Compare and contrast the representation of femininity in Pygmalion and Wide Sargasso Sea

This paper will attempt to compare and contrast the representations of femininity in the novel Wide Sargasso Sea (WSS) and the play Pygmalion. It will investigate any ways in which the works reflect or challenge commonly held social representations of femininity, and will compare and contrast each representation of femininity and then investigate any themes. It will also consider the counterpoint of masculine representation, and lastly the limitations of a comparison between two texts of different disciplines. These two titles were products of very different cultures; Pygmalion was written in 1912 by the thoroughly British Bernard Shaw, a self-proclaimed feminist, while WSS was written in 1966 by Jean Rhys, a Caribbean Creole (like her main characters) who immigrated to England in her teens. These texts were not intended to be textbooks, or represent any views other than the authors, but by comparing these texts we may find how the ideas of femininity have changed in the intervening years. Shaw's feminism might be expected to have influenced his portrayal of the female characters in his work, so the reader should be aware of a possible feminist subtext. WSS is set in the Caribbean of the 1830's, and was written for a primarily English audience. The author might therefore be expected to emphasise or exaggerate certain aspects of the story to increase the dramatic effect of alienation between the reader and the faraway subject and so the depictions may not be entirely accurate. Both of these works manifest stereotypes of passive women and male figures of authority, as might be expected from works set around the Victorian period. Pygmalion reflects these beliefs to a degree, as Eliza is dominated by the male characters, and especially Professor Higgins, during the three acts of the play. Her own father reflects Victorian values in that he feels able to sell her to Higgins, without her knowledge or consent. However, the play challenges these beliefs by having Eliza leave and stand up to Higgins during the last two acts. The play was also rather daring for the day in casting a common flower girl as the heroine, and refusing the play a conventional romantic ending in which the heroine marries the hero. Class and gender are inseparable, as evidenced by Higgins' continued reference to the ‘gutter' Eliza came from. There is also the suggestion that the only thing separating the flower girl from the duchess is their educations. WSS mostly reflects Victorian female stereotypes, as the women are treated by the men as extensions of their property; Annette has to beg her husband for money, and Antoinette is forced to sign all her possessions over when she marries. The few single women are portrayed as being ‘outsiders' in various ways; Christophine is from a different island, and feared because she practices obeah; while Amelie, contemptuous of the white people she serves, is an outsider in their company. There are many different representations of femininity in these works, and I feel the best way the explore femininity in these works will be to analyse the female characters relationships, and will analyse first the ways the femininity of the main characters is represented in each. In Pygmalion, Eliza's femininity is highlighted firstly by her work; she is referred to in the play at first as simply ‘The Flower Girl', and is shown to use her gender to exploit the presumed chivalrous nature of the men; she deceitfully tells Pickering she's ‘short for my lodgings', despite having previously said she could change half a crown. There are also repeated worries that Eliza is or could become a prostitute; Eliza herself recognises this, by her statements that she is ‘a good girl'. After all, at the start of her training Eliza's aim is to work in a flower shop, yet there is no obvious position ready for her, and when her training is complete she feels unable go back to selling flowers on street corners. Antoinette, the main female character in Wide Sargasso Sea, is represented as being somewhat submissive throughout the novel. The first part is told from her point of view, and is characterised by very little reference to her thoughts and feelings; she mostly seems to ‘go with the flow'. For example, when the Coulibri estate is set on fire she barely reacts except to do as she's told, and lets her family deal with it. After this, Antoinette is bullied and teased; she does not retaliate, but instead runs away as soon as she can. Antoinette's vulnerability is the mirror image of the tough, practical Tia and sensible Christophine, which is an example of how femininity is depicted differently between the women of different races. The white figures in the Caribbean are generally depicted as being somewhat out of place and cast off, while the black characters are part of a larger and more naturally-developed community – Antoinette is unable to make any real friends, as the white community has not been able to integrate with the black; whereas the local black settlement is almost able to turn the burning of the Coulibri estate into a village outing. This reflects a theme of ‘belonging', either to a home or in society, and also a loss of that place. For example, Annette is driven (or appears to be) insane after the loss of her family home. The first reference to Antoinette acting insane comes when she loses the sense of belonging to her estate; after her husband sleeps with the servant Amelie, he perceives her as having a ‘crazy laugh'. This sense of loss is analogous to Eliza's loss of identity and social class, as by the end of her training she has effectively lost her previous identity. Eliza's turning point in the story, where she starts to stand up to Higgins, comes just completing her training and winning Higgins' bet. This is the point where she would be starting her new life, and so it makes sense for her to break off from Higgins. Next I will study the various familial relationships between the female characters. I will begin by analysing the representation of motherhood, a strongly represented relationship in both works. The two main characters in each book each come from essentially single-parent families. In WSS, Antoinette is depicted as being rather attention-starved by her mother Annette, which might explain her hunger for affection with her husband later. This seems similar to her husbands' relationship with her father, whom he feels has disinherited him; but he reacts by masking his emotions, and seems to feel a loving relationship is unnatural. Antoinette does not display any real affection of her own towards her family, and never mentions playing with either her mother or her brother. Higgins seems to have had a similar relationship with his mother in Pygmalion, to whom he displays an almost infantile attachment. Eliza's father seems to have dominated her at home, given his references to beating her; A recurring theme in both works is the female characters' dependence on men, and the expectation that the men will provide for them. Eliza is dependent on Professor Higgins for her transformation, and on Colonel Pickering for the money to open her flower shop later on. The women in Wide Sargasso Sea are mostly represented as being somewhat helpless, and there are many examples of the female characters being ‘saved' by men or needing a male presence in their lives: for example, the family is only rescued from poverty when Annette marries Richard Mason, and later on, Antoinette is saved from bullies by her cousin Sandi. So in Pygmalion, the female characters are mostly independent from men, while the opposite is true in WSS. However, So Pygmalion's plot has a more obvious feminist subtext than WSS, which is indicative of the different representations of femininity in the cultures that made these texts. However, the way Higgins treats Eliza is anything but feministic; and Shaw seems to be biased in favour of his male characters; all the best lines seem reserved for Higgins. It could also be argued that the uncaring and abusive nature of the men in WSS demonstrate why Rhys felt it was important to protect the rights of women. However, there are inherent limitations to an interdisciplinary approach such as this. A play is designed to be viewed in a very different way to a novel, and while WSS presents a concrete and defined world, Pygmalion as a play is open to interpretation. There are many different ways of performing the text that could destroy the delicate feminist subtext; for example, at the end of the film My Fair Lady, based on Pygmalion, Eliza quietly returns to Higgins, who asks her to fetch his slippers – the opposite of Shaw's intentions.

The Namesake Theme of Family Essays

The Namesake Theme of Family Essays The Namesake Theme of Family Paper The Namesake Theme of Family Paper Essay Topic: The Namesake The Shake and Sashimi relationship with their parents was attached to Indian culture. Parents are who decide the by choosing who they marry this was a decision it determined their fate and character as parents. When Googol is a small child the relationship with his parents is completely normal. Over the years the relationship becomes a bit more complicated. Googol is like any boy his age stubborn obstinate and rebellious. This behavior is strange to Shake because in their culture the behavior of young men as Googol was different. Shake tries to educate his son as he was educated but definitely our method does not work. Lair wrote. That night at the dinner table, he brought it up with his parents. It was one thing for Googol to be the name penned in calligraphy on his high school diploma, and printed below his picture in the yearbook, hed begun. It was one thing, even, for it to be typed on his applications to five Ivy League colleges, as well as to Stanford and Berkeley. But engraved, four years from now, on a bachelor of arts degree? Written at the top of a rsum? Centered on a business card? It would be the name his parents picked out for him, he assured them, the good name theyd chosen for him when he was five. (99) Googol wants to change his name. His father is disappointed but decides to let him do what he wants to. Sashimi and Shake believed in a sense of family independence. But this idea of independence Sashimi and Shake had about his family not been applied to their about children and begin to experience what their parents felt years ago. Them have contrary feelings about this family indepe ndence. Whats done is done, his father had said. it will be a hassle. Googol has, in effect, become your good name. Its too complicate owe, his mother said, agreeing. Youre too Old. Im not, he persisted. Dont get it. Why did you have to give me a pet name in the first place? Wall- the point? Its our way, Googol, his mother maintained. Its what Bengal do. But its not even a Bengali name. He told his parents what hed learned in Mr.. Lagoons class, about Googol! Lifelong unhappiness, his mental instability, about how hed starved himself death. Did you know all this stuff about him? he asked. You forgot to mention that he was also a genius, his father said. l dont get it. How cot you guys name me after someone so strange? No one takes me seriously, Googol said. Who? Who does not take you seriously? his father wanted etc know, lifting his fingers from his plate, looking up at him. Then change it, father said simply, quietly, after a while. Really? in America anything is possible. Do as you wish. (99-100) The relationship between Shake and Googol was like the typical relational between a tough father and a shy son. Parents who want to raise their chi based on their own life experience. Maybe his intension was to teach Go lesson. But Googol had a mix of cultures to handle. These determine the relationship between they. When Googol decides introduce Maxine to his family. The Story takes a determinate change. Shake tells the Story of his accident years ago. The reason that he decided to put the name Googol. l want to tell you something, his father says when the piece ends, once tm have already turned onto Phenomenon Road. What? Googol asks. Its about your name. Googol looks at his father, puzzled. My name? His father shuts off the radio. Googol. These days he is called Googol so seldom that the sound of it no longer up: him as it used to. After three years of being Nikkei the vast majority of the mime, he no longer minds. There is a reason for it, you know, his father continues. Right, ABA. Gogols your favorite author. I know. No, his father says. He pulls into the driveway and switches off the engine then the headlights. He undoes his seat belt, guiding it with his hand as it retracts, back behind his left shoulder. Another reason. (122-123) Googol question if Shake remember that terrible day with his name. Cash replied something beautiful I remember everything that followed that c Every day after the accident were a gift Googol does not understand the message of his father years later would. Why dont I know this about y Googol says. His voice sounds harsh, accusing but his eyes well with tears. Why havent you told me this until now? It never felt like the right time, his father says. But its like youve lied to me all these years. When his father doesnt respond, he adds, Thats why you have that limp, isnt it? It happened so long ago. I didnt want to upset you. It doesnt matter. You should have told me. Perhaps, his father concedes, glancing briefly in Gogols direction. He removes the keys from the ignition. Come, you must be hungry. The car is tenting cold. But Googol doesnt move. He sits there, still struggling to absorb the information, feeling awkward, oddly ashamed, at fault. Im sorry, ABA. (123-124) The death of a parent to child is a difficult experience. Googol experiences an avalanche of emotions. Regret mostly because the relationship with his faith was not always the best. His glasses are missing Googol says, looking up at Mr.. Davenport. Mr.. Davenport does not reply. After a few minutes he says, Mr.. Gauguin, are you able to positively identify the body? Is this your father? Yes, thats him, (172) Googol begins to experience feelings of guilt after the death of his father. He faces the death of his father in a thoughtful way. Begins to consider that could have been more patient with his father because he always acted impatient with him. This happens when he can understand the story his father had told him about his name. The day his father had told him about the accident. The real reason his name was Googol Googol cannot be a beautiful name but the fact that Shake remember every wonderful omen after rebirth past that accident make happen that Googol was a beautiful name. Googol is maturing over time. And he realizes putting on the shoes of their parents that coming to America was a tough decision. However, his parents had the courage to come alone and be away from his family. And he believes that could not stay as far away from his family. This is a very important moment in the life of Googol. Finally understand all the effort mad for his parents. Just to give better life than they had. There he realizes that hi fathers teachings about the relationship with their parents were not accidental. He discovers that his father had felt the same way years ago with the death of his grandparents in Calcutta. The relationship between Googol and Sashimi is deeper after Shake dies. Googol tells his mother of his imminent separation of Museums. His felling of freedom and the reconnection that he felt with his father after find that famous book he had given and reed in front page. Lair wrote And then another book, never read, long forgotten, catches his eye. The jacket is missing, the title on the spine practically faded. Its a thick clothbound volume topped with decades- old dust. The ivory pages are heavy, slightly sour, silken to the touch. The spine cracks faintly when he opens it to the title page. The Short Stories of Nikolas Googol. For Googol Gauguin, it says on the front endpapers in his fathers tranquil hand, in red ballpoint ink, the letters rising gradually, optimistically, on the diagonal toward the upper right-hand corner of the page. The man who gave you his name, from the man who gave you your name is written within quotation marks. (288) The relationship between parents and children is not always the easiest thing to handle. But this novel gives us a clear example that the intentions of parents to educate are always the best. Parents, like the Gauguin always try to vie us the best.

Sustainable Development - Design and Build Without Harm

Sustainable Development - Design and Build Without Harm Sustainable development is a general belief that all human endeavors should promote the longevity of the planet and its inhabitants. What architects call the built environment should not harm the Earth or deplete its resources. Builders, architects, designers, community planners, and real estate developers strive to create buildings and communities that will neither deplete natural resources nor negatively impact the Earths functioning. The goal is to meet todays needs using renewable resources so that the needs of future generations will be provided for. Sustainable development attempts to minimize greenhouse gases, reduce global warming, preserve environmental resources, and provide communities that allow people to reach their fullest potentials. In the field of Architecture, sustainable development also has been known as sustainable design, green architecture, eco-design, eco-friendly architecture, earth-friendly architecture, environmental architecture, and natural architecture. The Brundtland Report In December 1983, Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, a physician and the first woman Prime Minister of Norway, was asked to chair a United Nations commission to address a global agenda for change. Brundtland has become known as the mother of sustainability since the 1987 release of the report, Our Common Future. In it, sustainable development was defined and became the basis of many global initiatives. Sustainable development is development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs....In essence, sustainable development is a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development; and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations.- Our Common Future, United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987 Sustainability in the Built Environment When people construct things, many processes take place to actualize the design. The goal of a sustainable building project is to use materials and processes that will have little impact on the continued functioning of the environment. For example, using local building materials and local laborers limits the pollution effects of transportation. Non-polluting construction practices and industries should have little harm on the land, sea, and air. Protecting natural habitats and remediating neglected or contaminated landscapes can reverse damages caused by previous generations. Any resources used should have a planned replacement. These are characteristics of sustainable development. Architects should specify materials that do not harm the environment at any stage of their life cycle - from first manufacturing to end-of-use recycling. Natural, bio-degradable, and recycled building materials are becoming more and more common. Developers are turning to renewable sources for water and renewable energy sources such as solar and wind. Green architecture and eco-friendly building practices promote sustainable development, as do walkable communities, and mixed-use communities that combine residential and commercial activities - aspects of  Smart Growth and the New Urbanism. In their Illustrated Guidelines on Sustainability, the U.S. Department of the Interior suggests that historic buildings are themselves often inherently sustainable because they have lasted to stand the test of time. This does not mean that they cannot be upgraded and preserved.  Adaptive reuse of older buildings and the general use of recycled architectural salvage are also inherently sustainable processes. In architecture and design, the emphasis of sustainable development is on the conservation of environmental resources. However, the concept of sustainable development is often broadened to include the protection and development of human resources. Communities founded on principles of sustainable development may strive to provide abundant educational resources, career development opportunities, and social services. United Nations sustainable development goals are inclusive. United Nations Goals The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution on September 25, 2015 that set 17 goals for all nations to strive for by 2030. In this resolution, the notion of sustainable development has been expanded far beyond what architects, designers, and urban planners have focused on - namely Goal 11 in this list.   Each of these goals have targets that encourage worldwide participation: Goal 1. End poverty; 2. End hunger; 3. Good healthy lives; 4. Quality education and lifelong learning; 5. Gender equality; 6 Clean water and sanitation; 7. Affordable clean energy; 8. Decent work; 9. Resilient infrastructure; 10. Reduce inequality; 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable; 12. Responsible consumption; 13. Combat climate change and its impacts; 14. Conserve and sustainably use oceans and seas; 15. Manage forests and halt biodiversity loss; 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies; 17. Strengthen and revitalize global partnership. Even before the U.N.s Goal 13, architects realized that the urban built environment is responsible for most of the worlds fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Architecture 2030 set this challenge for architects and builders - All new buildings, developments, and major renovations shall be carbon-neutral by 2030. Examples of Sustainable Development Australian architect Glenn Murcutt is often held up as an architect who practices sustainable design. His projects are developed for and placed on sites that have been studied for their natural elements of rain, wind, sun, and earth. For example, the roof of the Magney House was designed specifically to capture rainwater for use within the structure. The Villages of Loreto Bay in Loreto Bay, Mexico was promoted as a model of sustainable development. The community claimed to produce more energy than it consumed and more water than it used. However, critics charged that developers claims were overstated. The community eventually suffered financial setbacks. Other communities with good intentions, such as Playa Vista in Los Angeles, have had similar struggles. More successful residential projects are the grassroots Ecovillages being built all over the world. The Global Ecovillage Network (GEN) defines an ecovillage as an intentional or traditional community using local participatory processes to holistically integrate ecological, economic, social, and cultural dimensions of sustainability in order to regenerate social and natural environments. One of the most famous is EcoVillage Ithaca, co-founded by Liz Walker. Finally, one of the most famous success stories is the transformation of a neglected area of London into the Olympic Park for the London 2012 summer Olympic Games. From 2006 until 2012 the Olympic Delivery Authority created by British Parliament oversaw the government mandated sustainability project. Sustainable development is most successful when governments work with the private sector to make things happen. With support from the public sector, private energy companies like Solarpark Rodens will be more likely to put their renewable energy photovoltaic panels where sheep may safely graze  - existing together on the land. Sources Our Common Future (The Brundtland Report), 1987, un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf [accessed May 30, 2016]What is an Ecovillage? The Global Ecovillage Network, http://gen.ecovillage.org/en/article/what-ecovillage [accessed May 30, 2016]Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, The Division for Sustainable Development (DSD), United Nations, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld [accessed November 19, 2017]Architecture 2030, http://architecture2030.org/ [accessed November 19, 2017]

Writing Compare and Contrast Essays

Writing Compare and Contrast Essays Before you begin to draft a compare and contrast essay, you should brainstorm by creating a Venn diagram or a chart to list the ​pros and cons of each subject you are comparing to another. The first paragraph of your compare and contrast essay should contain references to both sides of your comparison. This paragraph should end with a thesis sentence that sums up your overall purpose or results, like this: While city life brings many social opportunities, country life can provide the best of both worlds. Comparison essays can be constructed in two ways. You can focus on one side of your comparison at a time, describing the pros and cons of one topic first and then moving on to the next topic, like the example here: Cities have lots of great restaurants.City life offers culturally diverse populations.Cities contain theaters, sporting events, and other activities.Country life brings fresh produce within easy reach.Country life is quiet living with the opportunity to travel into cities for cultural exposure.Entertainment opportunities exist in the country, as well.Summary paragraph You could instead alternate your focus, covering one after the other in a back-and-forth pattern. Cities have lots of great restaurants.On the other hand, country life brings fresh produce within easy reach.Cities contain theaters, sporting events, and other activities.But entertainment opportunities exist in the country, as well.City life offers culturally diverse populations.However, country life is quiet living with the opportunity to travel into cities for cultural exposure. Make sure that each paragraph contains a smooth transition statement, and end your essay with a sound conclusion. Country Life or City Life? City Country Entertainment theaters, clubs festivals, bonfires, etc. Culture museums historic places Food restaurants produce Some ideas for your compare and contrast essay might make your work easier. Think about the following topics and see if one feels right for you. middle school and high school experiencepizza and spaghettidoing household chores or doing homeworkprivate school and public schoolattending big university and attending small collegecomparing two gamescomparing two types of phoneslaptops to tabletscomparing two teaching stylescomparing English to Spanishowning a dog and owning a cattravel abroad and domestic travelgrowing up rich and growing up poortalking to dad and talking to momhaving a sister and having a brother If the list above doesnt appeal to you, it may spark an original idea that fits your situation. This type of essay can be a lot of fun!

Qualitative critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Qualitative critique - Essay Example The study population is well defined; old people with multiple sclerosis (Ploughman et al., 2012). The abstract outlines the purposes, methods used to conduct the study, the results of the data collected, and the conclusions. The abstract in this study is in itself adequate. It presents the whole research from the objectives of the research, through the whole process and presents a conclusion of study at the end. The highlights on the purposes of the study outline what the study is all about, and this is critical in the beginning of any research where the reasons for conducting the research should be presented to the readers before the main body to give the guidelines on what to expect. The outlines on the methods used and the results of the data collected give the reader insight on the whole process and all the techniques applied during the research operation. The conclusions in the abstract highlight the whole process operations, findings and recommendations. The abstract gives an overview of the whole research paper; from the introduction through to conclusion (Fong, Finlayson, & Peacock, 2006). The researchers, Michelle Ploughman and the clue are from the Eastern Health faculty of medicine from the Memorial University. They work in coalition with the people who are disabled of St. John’s Newfoundland from the Glasgow Caledonian University in Scotland. From the institutions they work with, it is clear that they are closely affiliated with the medical field. The institutions that these companies work with are well reputed in matters dealing with medicine and hence they can undertake the studies on patients suffering from multiple sclerosis. Also, the study was supported by the personnel in the faculty of medicine, Memorial University. Also, the authors had the support of Center of the Applied Health Research in Canada and the healthcare foundation. This further indicates clearly that the researchers were qualified to undertake the study to warrant the support of the reputable departments from the faculty of medicine. This is an article in Physiotherapy journal, Canada, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 6-17 (Ploughman et al., 2012). The problem in this research has been stated clearly. It is stated that the problem has been more prevalent among women more than in men. Some years after the diagnosis, we learn that the course becomes chronologically progressive, and after twenty years, most people rely on mobility aids. As a result, there is a need for carrying out research to facilitate the understanding on the natural history of the MS management from the perspective of older people and help the older people as well as to help the participants alleviate fearful feelings associated with MS diagnosis. The research team decided on a qualitative study after considering the aims of the study, they also considered the literature, advocacy and discussions with MS patients. The philosophical underpinning in this research is demonstrated where the effo rts by health providers are described as uni-lateral, misdirected and futile hence the need for establishing how to help people suffering from MS, to enhance self-management. The health professionals are called upon to facilitate self-management instead of obscuring it (DalMonte, Finlayson, & Helfrich, 2004). The purpose of the research is explicitly defined. It is clearly stated in the abstract that the study sought for exploring the experience of older people who are ageing with multiple sclerosis in order to describe the self-management history

Porter's five forces analysis for UK's venture capital industry Essay

Porter's five forces analysis for UK's venture capital industry - Essay Example This industry emerged in 1945 following the adoption of the Macmillan committee report, the industry was founded by three banks and they include private bank of England, London clearing bank and the Scottish clearing bank. It was formed due to capital raising problems faced by small companies that were emerging. The following is a discussion of the industry using the Porter’s five force model. Porter identified five forces that influence and shape an industry and they include rivalry, barriers to entry, buyer power, supplier power and substitution threat, the following is a discussion of the five forces and the characteristics of the UK venture capital industry. This refers to the degree of competition. The degree of competition in markets is determined by the concentration ratio which is a measure of market share, as many firms enter an industry the profits of the firm decline. (Porter, 22) A firm will choose a number of strategies in order to increase its market share, a firm will reduce prices to increase market share, vertical integration which include integration with suppliers and buyers and differentiation of its products. Rivalry intensifies when many firms enter the industry, existence of substitutes, existence of exit barrier and when product differentiation of products is limited. (Porter, 22) Degree of competition in the venture capital market is high given that there are over 1,300 firms in the industry. Venture capital industry products also have close substitutes which include loans and equity, therefore the industry firm’s degree of rivalry is considerably high. Rivalry has intensified over the years with the entry of many firms into the industry, initially there were only 3 firms in the industry and over the years many firms have entered the market. (Lerner, 41) The existence of substitute products produced in an industry constrains a firm in the industry to increase prices.

1.Critically evaluate if the National Minimum Wage (NMW) have an Essay

1.Critically evaluate if the National Minimum Wage (NMW) have an effect on business performance and increase reward grades - Essay Example They continue to argue that with the introduction of this wage, a great percentage of human labor has been replaced by machinery since the employers attest to the fact that inclusion of the employees in the workplace has become extremely expensive due to the costs that come from reinstatement of wages to the employees. However, other analysts differ with this argument arguing that the wage has increased employee performance in the workplace. In the research carried out by Dickens & Manning (pp.95), the National minimum wage (NMW) has acted as a foundation in which employers can offer proper pay to their employees. This works by virtue of the wage being in a position to manage the increases in wages and controlling all aspects that may lead to cutting down of costs. The National minimum wage (NMW), on the other hand also attempts to be at par with the changes that take place in relation to employees and the wage rates. Nevertheless, other analysts argue that it is extremely tasking for employers to deal with the task of adjusting to the tough economic conditions and dealing with demands of the National Minimum Wage (NMW) as imposed by the government. This essay shall attempt to analyze the National Minimum Wage (NMW) and the effect on business performance and increase reward grades. The major aim of the National Minimum Wage (NMW) is to reduce poverty rates in UK. This is according to research conducted by Dickens & Manning (pp.95), who indicate that with the National Minimum Wage (NMW) the employees have no option but to work in their workplaces or risk being unemployed. In this case, therefore, employees do not want to risk getting into the labor market that does not allow for easy entry into the market; thus, give the best that they can manage whilst in their current jobs. With proper distribution of income in the market, Arrowsmith et al, (pp.435) indicate that there are high chances that individuals will be

Why do relationships matter in the 21st century B2B enviroment Essay

Why do relationships matter in the 21st century B2B enviroment - Essay Example and business studies have divided customers in two groups in order to study their needs and behaviour, and these groups have been categorised as B2C customers- individual customers and households and B2B customers- organizational customers (Kotler et al, 2006). The B2B structure is such that the organization implements a variety of processes to serve their business customers in a much mature and productive manner. The nature of dealings of B2B customers makes the environment different and diverse than B2C customers. Business customers have more reasons and logics to make a strong partnership with the seller. However, an individual customer may not have the capacity and influence to sustain the same level of partnership with the seller as the organizational customer. Implementing any strategy that leads to building better relationships in a B2B environment is easier because the number of customers are limited and the organisation may set customer specific policies to attend to the needs in a more flexible manner (Kotler et al, 2006). One of the companies that have successfully developed an ideology based on importance of relationships in the twenty first century is BT Radianz- a company which supplies connectivity solutions to the global financial community. It is a company which operates heavily into the B2B market and makes the simplified contact of a limited number of customers. However, apart from just taking the big vendors that make a portion of the licensing fee in terms of revenues for BT Radianz- the formulation of relationships have been set on priority through CRM and other tools to get feedback from the client. This interaction with the client makes the possibility of providing the exact services the B2B client needs and makes them feel like an individual whose business and character matters to its business circle (Bacon & Pugh, 2004). Without this relationship building, business models would fail as organizations would not know their weaknesses and

Business strategy of the footwear company Essay

Business strategy of the footwear company - Essay Example The study will start with an insight into the company’s performance. In this case the data shows the performance of each of the eight companies under the footwear industry. The performance is rated against the investor’s expectation. Investor set the target for the performance of each company over a particular period, and in this case it is one year. From the information gathered most of the companies are quite scoring well on the scoreboard by exceeding the investor’s expectation and as such earning some bonus point. The company leading with the highest point is the bold footwear company which up to date is shown having 6 bonus points. Looking at some of the scoreboard performance over the few years, we see quite a fluctuation with companies showing a positive trend by increasing from the previous year’s while others going down the trench. Significant of this is the last year. That is year 20 where all the companies showed a significant reduction from the previous year. But something to note is that there is quite a good trend in the industry since the companies show quite good performance higher than the expectation of the investor. The earning per share shows quite a starling performance for three companies, company B, E, F. This is by the fact that these companies are scoring high above the investors’ expectation on the EPS. Greatly performed is company B with an average performance of above 15 while the other two have an average performance of between 2 and three. ... The other companies are performing quit below the expectation, with company H having the lowest weighted expectation. These results are replicated on the stock price per share and the return on shares. It is quite evident to mention that, there is a great correlation between these three because the company scoring high on the ROE similarly scores high on EPS. The credit rating shows a starling performance for three companies A, B, F, all of them scoring an A. That is high beyond the expectation of the investors. The other companies’ though not scoring that high, they are still within the range of the investors’ expectation. The image rating only gives three companies scoring beyond the expectation in the period of ten years. Page 4 of the report gives an insight on the company’s production and how they have been fairing in the market. The rate of production is compared against the consumption and rejected items. The rate of rejected production seems to be reduced and maintained below five percent in the last five years, but there appears to be a significant change in the year 20th year were the percentage moved up beyond 5 percent, on the footwear production. Page five of the report is a look at the financial performance that is the profit earning of each company. The records show quite a level performance at year 10. All the companies have a similar performance. At year 14, there is quite a very significant change with company B scoring a very high net profit while company H is scoring losses. The trend is replicated in the subsequent years with company B having the highest profit level while company F still scoring the great losses. It would be clear to mention that the decisions made by the companies H are the ones

Constructivism and social constructivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Constructivism and social constructivism - Essay Example Based on theoretical approaches that work on the basics resultant from studies and observations, constructivists believe novel concepts of knowledge are acquired (Philips, 2000). Through constant encounters with new channels of knowledge, learners are able to not only alter what they know, but also modify what they have also learnt in the previous classroom settings. In relation to this aspect, the educators must ensure that they ask learners questions on what they had previously be taught, so as to refresh their memories and assess the levels of understanding for these learners. Through weighing this kind of information, the educators are able to understand what areas to improve on the learners. In the case of early year's education, constructivism can be applied when the educators attempt to make sure that the learners answer questions relating to their environment, based on the practical lessons that they had gone through in the course of the week or the previous lessons. Exposure to the real world is vital in the early childhood education since the learners have to have a one on one touch with reality. Subjection to theoretical exams based on the practical given in the learning environment. Through this, the learners are able to relate concepts taught in the past, apply them in the present, and preserve the new information for the future. This is an elucidation of the fact that learning is a step by step process of building up information, based on reflection of the past experiences.

Business strategy of the footwear company Essay

Business strategy of the footwear company - Essay Example The study will start with an insight into the company’s performance. In this case the data shows the performance of each of the eight companies under the footwear industry. The performance is rated against the investor’s expectation. Investor set the target for the performance of each company over a particular period, and in this case it is one year. From the information gathered most of the companies are quite scoring well on the scoreboard by exceeding the investor’s expectation and as such earning some bonus point. The company leading with the highest point is the bold footwear company which up to date is shown having 6 bonus points. Looking at some of the scoreboard performance over the few years, we see quite a fluctuation with companies showing a positive trend by increasing from the previous year’s while others going down the trench. Significant of this is the last year. That is year 20 where all the companies showed a significant reduction from the previous year. But something to note is that there is quite a good trend in the industry since the companies show quite good performance higher than the expectation of the investor. The earning per share shows quite a starling performance for three companies, company B, E, F. This is by the fact that these companies are scoring high above the investors’ expectation on the EPS. Greatly performed is company B with an average performance of above 15 while the other two have an average performance of between 2 and three. ... The other companies are performing quit below the expectation, with company H having the lowest weighted expectation. These results are replicated on the stock price per share and the return on shares. It is quite evident to mention that, there is a great correlation between these three because the company scoring high on the ROE similarly scores high on EPS. The credit rating shows a starling performance for three companies A, B, F, all of them scoring an A. That is high beyond the expectation of the investors. The other companies’ though not scoring that high, they are still within the range of the investors’ expectation. The image rating only gives three companies scoring beyond the expectation in the period of ten years. Page 4 of the report gives an insight on the company’s production and how they have been fairing in the market. The rate of production is compared against the consumption and rejected items. The rate of rejected production seems to be reduced and maintained below five percent in the last five years, but there appears to be a significant change in the year 20th year were the percentage moved up beyond 5 percent, on the footwear production. Page five of the report is a look at the financial performance that is the profit earning of each company. The records show quite a level performance at year 10. All the companies have a similar performance. At year 14, there is quite a very significant change with company B scoring a very high net profit while company H is scoring losses. The trend is replicated in the subsequent years with company B having the highest profit level while company F still scoring the great losses. It would be clear to mention that the decisions made by the companies H are the ones

Clotel Analysis Essay Example for Free

Clotel Analysis Essay Clotel is an interesting piece of literary work by William Brown, as it exposes the depraved social conditions of Chattel Slavery and its effect on Marriage relations between slave and slave owner. Interestingly, I recognized the stereotypes that can develop from conditions of race and class in our society. More importantly, we see how race and class present higher priviledges to mulatto slaves (quadroons), than what William coins as the real negro. Undeniably, there is a stereotypical belief in todays society that light skin or fairer skin people have an esteemed privilege than that of dark skin people. Although fictional characters, Currer, Clotel, and Althesa are real-life representations of that belief because they were mulattos. One may imply that it is quite stereotypical to say that light skin people have a higher privilege that is not necessarily given to dark skin people, although many believe it to be true as a result of the conditions faced by non-mulatto slaves. However, others may not agree. Currer and her two daughters Clotel and Althesa are all protagonists in this literary work. Currer, a bright mulatto was a housekeeper for slaveholder Thomas Jefferson, upon which she beared Clotel and Althesa. Currer being of the higher class of slaves was permitted to hire her time for more than 20 years. Surely Currer wanted nothing more than to raise her daughters to attract attention in efforts that they might marry into their freedom. Compared to ordinary slaves, Currer and her daughters had once lived in luxury due to privileged conditions of being a mulatto slave. Nevertheless, they were still slaves, and often reminded that they were no different than ordinary slaves. For example, Clotel was only 16 when she was purchased by Horatio Green, son of a wealthy gentleman of Richmond whom promised to make her mistress of her own dwelling. She lived in luxury for a while, and even beared a child named Mary with Horatio. The time came that Horatio began to be involved with politics, and his success with politics being of greater importance proved his union with Clotel would soon end. Horatio took interest in the daughter of a wealthy man with whom he found a connect to success in politics. Horatio later married her, leaving Clotel to be sold to a slaveholder at the demand of his mistress. It is here that we discover that even the mulatto woman is not as esteemed with privilege as she was once perceived to possess. She is still a slave , born of that blood. She may have lived in luxury for a while, but it was very predictable that she would be sold again to the highest bidder, and for the latter purpose. What is so significant about not only Clotels character, but also for her mothers and sisters character is that they are symbolic of how mulatto slaves were used as an even bigger commodity during slavery. They were put on a pedestal to feel as though they had more privilege, only to discover that they really did not. Even more importantly, mulatto slaves knew the significance of having been mixed-bred, and how it could be used in attempt to free themselves, just as Currer had planned for her daughters from the very beginning. Mostly, the mulattos or quadroons were the house slaves, and occupied the best situation a slave could occupy. Most of the mistresses of the slave owners in the South sought to make the lives of quadroons intolerable, because they viewed them as rivals. For this reason, Mrs. Green had demanded that Clotel be sold out of the state. How soundly ironic that mulattos could be stuck at the center of the depraved social condition of marriage relations between slave and slave owner? And being of the higher class of slaves still be subject to the will of his master. Were they really of a higher class, or were they no better than an ordinary slave whom labored outside the masters house? Some people have their own prejudices toward blacks in general even in todays society. It is safe to say that some whites even still view blacks as slaves. No matter how fair or light the shade of their skin is, it still does not dismiss the fact that they are born of African descent. As William stated in his work, there was a depraved social condition that placed the slave under total control of his master from the very beginning no matter how light or fair their skin was. Therefore, the stereotypical belief that mulattos or light-skin people have an esteemed privilege over dark-skinned people is without a doubt, debateable.

One Thousand Dollars Summary

One Thousand Dollars Summary The short story One Thousand Dollars by O. Henry is about a young Gillian that must be providing the report how to use money one thousand dollars. Gillian has a rich uncle but her uncle died. From this will, hes uncle want a report of how Gillian can use this one thousand dollars if Gillian have this money. Gillian meets some people, he want to know and ask of them if they have one thousand dollars. He went to Old Bryson at his club to ask how to use one thousand dollars. After that, he also met Miss Lauriere in theater stage. She also gave an answer as to how to spend a thousand dollars. Mr. Gillian asked the taxi driver to answer the same questions but the answers he is also not the way he wanted to spend the money. However, no one can help him. Then, he saw the blind man had more than one thousand dollars in the account. Gillian made a sudden decision to give all the inheritance money to Miss Hayden. Finally, he visited Miss Hayden at the library. He also told her that he loved and gave one thousand dollars. Miss Hayden refused to love the Giilian but received the money. Then, he wrote the account shows how he spent one thousand dollars and are ready to provide a report on the accounts to the lawyer Tolman. Then he discovered that there are conditions of his uncle who said that if he used the money prudently, fifty thousand clear would be given to him. However, he was not concerned with conditions set forth. Giilian tore the reports before read by the lawyer Tolman and left happily. 2.0 TYPE OF STORY In One Thousand Dollars, Mr. Gillian told by lawyers Tolman to use the money wisely one thousand dollars and he should prepare a report on how he uses it. Gillian got the idea after asking a few people about how to use the money, and continue to make the decision to give money one thousand dollars to the person who loved the Miss Hayden. Although Ms. Hayden rejects his love, he still wants to give money one thousand dollars to the woman. Gillian prepares a report on how he uses the money one thousand dollars and goes to the lawyer Tolman. Gillian was ready to show the report but not occur and tearing that report. This is because he feels that will not get money fifty thousand dollars for not using the money wisely. With whistling happy situation, he has left office. This statement indicates that the story is textually implicit. Gillian not sad but happy when he does not get the money fifty thousand dollars and his love as well. This also because, he not knows the right way for manage one thousand dollars that given to him. 3.0 STORY STRUCTURE ELEMENT 1 THEME: In One Thousand Dollars by O.Henry related to the money. Theme appropriate of One Thousand Dollars is how to manage money and to manage the money we need to have experience of how to manage. However, the main character does not know how to manage this money. Gillian asked to manage his money that his uncle had died. He is required to provide the reports how he uses this one thousand dollars as soon as possible. Therefore, Gillian immediately asked some people without thinking wisely. Besides that, love cannot buy with money. This is because Miss Hayden rejects his love even received money from him. Gillian half turned and looked out the window. In a low voice he said, I suppose, of course, that you know I love you. I am sorry, said Miss Hayden, as she picked up her money.(pg 3, line 24) One Thousand Dollars Mr. Gillian can open our minds how to make this decision because of the decisions we make have to think about the good and bad for us and the people who are around us. We also need to trust in managing the money that has been entrusted to us. Moral of the story we need to manage finances wisely and must be carefully in action. ELEMENT 2 SETTING (Characters) : The main character of the story One Thousand Dollars is Gillian. He is a young teenager who through experience on how to manage the money that had been left by a deceased uncle. If he could spend the money prudently, he will still get fifty thousand. According to his lawyer uncle, named Tolman during their first meeting. Young Gillian touched the thin package of fifty-dollar bills and laughed. Its such an unusual amount, he explained, kindly, to the lawyer. If it had been ten thousand a man might celebrate with a lot of fireworks. Even fifty dollars would have been less trouble.(pg 1,line 3) In One Thousand Dollars Gillian is an ignorant and rude. He does not have the spirit and endurance. He relied on other people, or the people around him to help him on the way to use a thousand dollars prudently. Now, what can a man possibly do with a thousand dollars?(pg 1, line 22) What would you do with a thousand dollars if you had it? (pg 2, line 28) He also calm and ego because when can know about if he used the money prudently, fifty thousand clear will be given to him, he tore the account and go to whistling happy. Gillian portrayed as an immature, volatile and not responsible for his actions. He calmly tore the report and its cover into pieces and dropped them into his pocket.(pg 4, line 24) Tolman and Sharp shook their heads mournfully at each other when Gillian left. They heard him whistling happily in the hallway as he waited for the elevator.(pg 4, line 29) ELEMENT 3 ATTEMPT: Attempt is a character takes action to achieve his goals. In the story of One Thousand Dollars, the main character in the short story is Mr. Gillian. He has been taking action to prepare a report on how to make use of one thousand dollars. He tried to ask some of friends are known like Old Bryson at the club, the taxi driver when he boarded a taxi, a blind man on the sidewalk and Miss Lauriere in Stage Theater about what to do with the money of one thousand dollars. Eight blocks down Broadway, Gillian got out of the cab. A blind man sat on the sidewalk selling pencils. Gillian went out and stood in front of him.(pg 2, line 33) Excuse me, but would you mind telling me what you would do if you had a thousand dollars? (pg 3, line 1) He also went to meet a lawyer to find out what his uncle that he wanted to know. However, in the end for the sake of love Gillian was gived the money to Miss Hayden and willing to reject the conditions to get the sum of fifty thousand dollars. Gillian found the solution by asking questions. Finally, he made sure giving his lover the money was the best way. I beg your pardon, said Gillian, cheerfully. But was Miss Hayden left anything by my uncles will in addition to the ring and the ten dollars?(pg 3, line 9) Paid by Robert Gillian, one thousand dollars on account of the eternal happiness, owed by Heaven to the best and dearest woman on earth.(pg 4, line 1) ELEMENT 4 STYLE: The language is a figurative language. As evidence, there are few words such as Even fifty dollars would have been loss trouble. (pg 1, line 5) The writer would like to make the text draw readers attention to read this story further. Besides, When he saw Gillian coming near he took a noisy, deep breath, laid down his book and took off his glasses. (pg 1, line 14). There is also having simile language such as You can go and buy Miss Lotta Lauriere a diamond necklace with the money and then take yourself off to Idaho and inflict your presence upon a ranch.(pg 2, line 11). Then, in One Thousand Dollars is interesting language such as I have funny story to tell you, said Gillian(pg 1, line 16) and I thought the late Septimus Gillian was worth something like half a million, said Old Bryson showed very little interest.(pg 1,line 23). 4.0 LITERARY CRITICSM ELEMENT 1- THE CRITICAL RESPONSE : In One Thousand Dollars is about how to manage the money of one thousand dollars. It is about a young Gillian. Maybe because his uncle knew he was having less moral, rich uncle died and informed his lawyer Tolman for testing Gillian. If Gillian can use the money wisely, he would receive a larger amount of fifty thousand dollars. At the beginning of the story, the authors draw the attention of the reader to want to know whether this story ends well or not. There, Gillian asked to manage money wisely and promptly. Gillian challenge given to him. This situation makes the reader more eager. The authors use several different places in the story so that the reader does not get bored to read the next section. First place Gillian was visited at his club and meet Old Bryson, then with Miss Lauriere in Stage Theater, in cab, at street, at library and at office Tolman and Sharp. Overall, the places that used to play an important role so that the reader is easy to imagine the real situation that happened and would consider yourself to be in situations that story. This means that the reader can appreciate this story very well. At the middle of this story, the authors tried portraying Gillian there he trying to get answers about how to manage the money of one thousand dollars. In addition, the authors use tone that reflects ones feelings at the time as, Gillian half Turned and looked out the window. In a low voice he said, I Suppose, of course, That you know I love you. (pg 3, line 24). Climax of this story is that when Gillian Tolman went to a lawyers office to submit the report the way he uses the money. At the end, Gillian tore reports once knew he was not receive the money of fifty thousand dollars for not meeting the specified requirements. ELEMENT 2 THE EMOTIONAL RESPONSE: In the literary criticism, we have to identify the main character Gillian. Hes maybe not good person and him do not know how him manage this one thousand dollars in him life. He meet with various partners who have different backgrounds so they give different opinion but him not accept they opinion because their ideas do not same with the requirements. Gillian began to feel confused as to what he would do. Gillian feels he can to manage the money properly. But Mr. Gillian not affords to bear the responsibilities given by his uncle. Firstly, went our reading this short story we started thinking about what Mr. Gillian to manage his late uncles money. Then when he started to ask friends so we feel him can choosing which of the opinion will be accept. However, we can feel so angry and unexpected because actually he already using the money for his lover and cheat the lawyer Tolman and partner with inform them that his used money for races. 5.0 CONCLUSION Money is not everything. This is because in this story of money cannot buy you love. Ms. Hayden jilts Mr.Gillian though she had received the money from him. Money cannot buy everything, especially real happiness. Money should be used for something useful, important, and valuable. We should not spend money with short minded to something that can satisfy our cravings while. Further, in this story Gillian asked people What would you do with a thousand dollars if you had to? Showed his actions when he was faced with difficulties. It is a lesson for us not to be too dependent hope with others to solve problems. We should seek knowledge as much as possible in order to manage the problem well. Money of one thousand dollars given by the lawyer Tolman from his uncles legacy is not achieve target his uncle died because Gillian was used the money to get the love for a woman. Although he had to cheat lawyer that he used one thousand dollars to the races. Actually, his used the money for the happiness of his love. Thus, the lesson from this story is that we should be well on our way towards financial planning matters that are beneficial. Let the money be properly planned so that the money available to spend on worthwhile things. Finally, we must be wise and clever in managing our own lives.

Power of Nuclear Energy Essay -- Nuclear Reactor Breeders

Abstract The use of nuclear energy is a big topic for debate. Many countries have fully embraced it while others, such as the U. S., haven’t. Nuclear energy is feared for its danger and scorned because of its wastes. On the other hand, nuclear energy does have some pros like cheaper cost of energy and environmentally safe. Reactor breeders show great promise in nuclear waste, but are it enough to convince the nation? Introduction Nuclear knowledge has existed for a long time. Nuclear Engineering U.S. Department of Energy relates, ―By 1900, the physicists knew the atom contains large quantities of energyâ€â€" (par 11). Many others formed good theories, such as Ernest Rutherford and Einstein’s contribution with his equation E=mc^2. In 1934 a physicist known as Enrico Fermi conducted an experiment that resulted in the splitting of atoms. In 1938 two scientists, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman, conducted an experiment that was the beginning of a new realization in the nuclear world. Nuclear Engineering U.S. Department of Energy describes, ―Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman fired neutrons from a source containing the elements radium and beryllium into uranium (atomic number 92)â€â€" (par 15). The experiment resulted in a new and unexpected out come. The elements that were naturally produced during such experiments weighed only a little less than uranium; whereas, this time the elements were ar ound half as light. They shared their information with Lise Meitner who studied the out come with Neils Bohr and her nephew Otto R. Frisch. The three of them concluded that the light weighted elements were the results of The Power of Nuclear Energy 3 the uranium splitting also known as fission. Lise Meitner proved this theory using Einstein’s theory. Bo... ...ear energy has many faults, but along with it nuclear energy has many advantages. People need to put aside the fears of nuclear plant that have grown out of tragedies and scares such as Three Miles Island and the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant explosion. The Chernobyl has been the only plant that has caused destruction out of over six decades of nuclear power. The nuclear waste can be reused to form more energy using breeder reactors solving most of the waste problem. The costs of nuclear energy are lower than the costs for most other forms of energy. Nuclear energy is constant and not seasonal like solar or wind energy. It is environmentally safe for animals and people living near by. Nuclear energy does not contribute to nuclear energy like coal produced energy. It would be a smart move for our country to move in the direction towards a more nuclear powered nation.

Olubowale Victor Akintimehin: Stage Name Wale Essay -- Musicians

When most musicians become famous it is common that they lose touch with their culture, family, and become obsessed with making money. Many come in with a certain singing or rapping style but change what makes them unique for a record deal. In the hip-hop scene rappers start to dress themselves in many expensive designer clothing labels and diamond accessories, however, for Nigerian-American hip-hop MC Olubowale Victor Akintimehin, stage name Wale, this is a different story. Unlike many rappers, Wale is noteworthy and respected for the exact opposite: he embraces his culture and is interested in becoming famous for just simply being himself. Wale was born in Northwest Washington, D.C. September 21, 1984 to Nigerian immigrants who first arrived five years prior. After 10 years, their family then moved to Gaithersburg, Maryland where Wale found himself attending seven different high schools in both the DC and Maryland area. "My first high school was a predominantly black school, [and] then I went to a predominantly white school, and then back again. I think that helped me cultivate an open mind about most things in life†¦I kind of understand the plight of all people, from understanding all those different environments," he says in his biography on his official website www.ralphfolarin.com. In 2001, Wale graduated from Quince Orchard High School and later attended Robert Morris and Virginia State University on football scholarships. However after transferring a third time to Bowie State University Wale decided to drop out and aspire on the journey for a potential recording career. In 2003-2004, Wale got his first air time with his song, "Rhyme of the Century," on a local radio station which placed him in the "Unsigned Hype" column ... ...azine-says-he-loves-dark-skinned-pretty-girls-0 http://dimewars.com/Video/Wale-Talks-Nigerian-Pride---Fear-Of-Lightskinned-Girls.aspx?bcmediaid=2d817e9c-5618-42a5-9f65-e7402c28b65c http://www.jprotege.com/wale-nigerian-day-parade/ http://www.getmusic.com.au/wale/biography http://questionmarkmag.com/2011/08/wale-works-with-african-artistes-for-charity-gig/ http://www.rap-up.com/2009/08/08/wales-attention-gets-sidetracked/ http://afrofusionlounge.wordpress.com/2010/11/29/bunny-mack-interview-no-qualms-about-wales-sample-of-his-classic-song/ http://killerboombox.com/6485/audio/heaters/wale-no-one-be-like-you http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=788 http://www.census.gov/population/international/ http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?profile=intRelations&pg=4 Olubowale Victor Akintimehin: Stage Name Wale Essay -- Musicians When most musicians become famous it is common that they lose touch with their culture, family, and become obsessed with making money. Many come in with a certain singing or rapping style but change what makes them unique for a record deal. In the hip-hop scene rappers start to dress themselves in many expensive designer clothing labels and diamond accessories, however, for Nigerian-American hip-hop MC Olubowale Victor Akintimehin, stage name Wale, this is a different story. Unlike many rappers, Wale is noteworthy and respected for the exact opposite: he embraces his culture and is interested in becoming famous for just simply being himself. Wale was born in Northwest Washington, D.C. September 21, 1984 to Nigerian immigrants who first arrived five years prior. After 10 years, their family then moved to Gaithersburg, Maryland where Wale found himself attending seven different high schools in both the DC and Maryland area. "My first high school was a predominantly black school, [and] then I went to a predominantly white school, and then back again. I think that helped me cultivate an open mind about most things in life†¦I kind of understand the plight of all people, from understanding all those different environments," he says in his biography on his official website www.ralphfolarin.com. In 2001, Wale graduated from Quince Orchard High School and later attended Robert Morris and Virginia State University on football scholarships. However after transferring a third time to Bowie State University Wale decided to drop out and aspire on the journey for a potential recording career. In 2003-2004, Wale got his first air time with his song, "Rhyme of the Century," on a local radio station which placed him in the "Unsigned Hype" column ... ...azine-says-he-loves-dark-skinned-pretty-girls-0 http://dimewars.com/Video/Wale-Talks-Nigerian-Pride---Fear-Of-Lightskinned-Girls.aspx?bcmediaid=2d817e9c-5618-42a5-9f65-e7402c28b65c http://www.jprotege.com/wale-nigerian-day-parade/ http://www.getmusic.com.au/wale/biography http://questionmarkmag.com/2011/08/wale-works-with-african-artistes-for-charity-gig/ http://www.rap-up.com/2009/08/08/wales-attention-gets-sidetracked/ http://afrofusionlounge.wordpress.com/2010/11/29/bunny-mack-interview-no-qualms-about-wales-sample-of-his-classic-song/ http://killerboombox.com/6485/audio/heaters/wale-no-one-be-like-you http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=788 http://www.census.gov/population/international/ http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?profile=intRelations&pg=4

Priorless tale

Prioress Tale and Christian Anti-Semitic In the story â€Å"Prioress Tale† by Geoffrey Chaucer had some ways where it was anti- semitic. The Catholic Church had a hatred of Jews. Jews did not believe Jesus was their savior. Christians hated and blamed Jews for the death of Jesus calling them Satan's agents. â€Å"The boy is â€Å"little†, â€Å"young†, â€Å"tender† etc. The Villains are â€Å"cursed†, â€Å"a wasp's nest of satan† who â€Å"conspire† to murder the little boy' (3).The school where the young boy had gone to was described as a good kid taught young children how o pray and praise Mary the mother of Jesus. â€Å"O mother maid, O maiden mother free! O bush unburnt, burning in Moses' sight, that ravishedest down from the deity†¦. Conceiv ©d was the Father's Sapience† (7). The Jews were killed as a penalty for the death of a young boy with no proof that they were the ones involved in this crime. â€Å"The Prio ress Tale† and â€Å"Christian anti-Semitism† both show how far a person will go to torment others to invent to be an activist of god.Christians had set up heir own policy in the name of god but there was no similarity to Jesus because Jesus represents of love and forgiveness. During the middle ages the tale reflects anti-Semitic in different ways. The Christians had blamed the Jews responsible for Jesus death. The church had discussions about how the Christians should not affiliate themselves with any Jewish people. Jews were not allowed to do a lot of things such as were not allowed to buy any property from the Christians. Jews were accused of a lot of things but they wasn't even involved with.For this reason Jews were burnt alive. One of the reasons Jews were blamed for doing malicious things because they planned for the death of Christ. Another reason why they were blamed for doing malicious things was when Jews had claimed the blood of Jesus for them and their chil dren. The medieval anti- Semitism had trust in the Jewish faith that they were in lower place to Christianity and they had an alliance with Satan. Jews were also cursed and would remain curse even if they had converted themselves to Christianity.

English as a Global Language

English as a global language English is spoken in most parts of the world, for instance in Great Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and in many more countries. Moreover in African states English serves as main form of communication. English is, after the Chinese one, the language most people speak and it is the most popular second language and foreign language pupils learn in school. The English language is often named as a â€Å"killer language† that wipes out smaller languages and their cultures by exclusive use (f. e. media, economy). English is not popular because of its linguistic properties but there are conscious, co-ordinated promotion programmes. But if there are so many speaking the same language there remains the question of human’s diversity – concerning biological, cultural and political matters. We also have to take into consideration, that English as a global language is also linked to social costs, because the teaching and accommodat ion of the languages for immigrant minorities is rather irrational. Language policy in the post-colonial situation: There are a lot of colonial states with multilingual character because of the imperialist powers in the 19th and 20th century. In Africa, for example, there are no attempts to use any African language in high-status functions, they are not even taught in schools. The period during colonialism changed a lot in the world’s history and following development, and colonialism make us think about cheap rawmaterials and workers the imperialist powers wanted to gain, but we often forget about something else, which an African statesman expresses in his speech: The real aim of colonialism was to control the people’s _wealth†¦ but) economic and political control can never be complete or effective without mental control. To control a people’s culture is to control their tools of self-definition in relationship to others. For colonialism, this involved two aspects of the same process: the destruction or the deliberate undervaluing of a people’s culture, their art, dances, religions, history, geography, education, orature and literature, and the conscious elevation of the language of the coloniser. The domination of a people’s language by the languages of the colonising nations was crucial to the domination of the mental universe of the colonised. Ngugi wa Thiong’o (extract from his famous essay on â€Å"The language of African literature†) But there are several arguments for the demand of the adoption of the ex-colonial languages as official ones. First, regarded politically, the choice of any indigenous language would destabilise African states which are multilingual. A second argument would be, that the continue use of the ex-colonial language is rather â€Å"practical† because in the end it was accepted by the majority. From having been the language of the oppressor, English, for instance, became the language of national unity and national liberation. There was a sense (economically and technically) in ex-colonial languages, because then they are linked to their â€Å"mother country† and the language-infrastructure delivers a pool of skills, like as prorate books, dictionaries, registers, etc. It would be useless to imitate and duplicate in any of African languages. But these arguments were not often used in cultural discussions, because the European languages often affect as superior to the indigenous â€Å"vernaculars†. The development seems to be inevitable because with the problem of unemployment, the ability to speak English is very important, but English can’t be blamed for the developments demanding an international lingua franca to facilitate a world wide exchange of knowledge everyone can understand. Killer languages were always introduced by those who were in control of power. The USA with the strongest currency the Dollar, shows that it is not coincidental that English is the leading candidate as a global language. Because of the English predominance in the industrial world, more and more peoples will have to join in and the question remains if they are able to keep their own identities. There is no danger if regional groups manage to keep their own language for internal communication, but in less developed countries the members of small linguistic groups have to change to a language of a higher rank in the language hierarchy. Because that way they are more flexible and the chances in world-wide competition are bigger. In Australia parents even force their children to speak English instead of their own indigenous mother tongue, because they want to provide them better chances for their future. Shortly, you can say that by surviving in a capitalistic system of competition many peoples are forced to support a process which destroys their own culture. In Countries of GB’s old colonial empire (e. g. : Australia, USA, Canada, New Zealand) the native populations were either killed or enslaved, and the Anglo- Saxon culture and language were adopted. This seemed to be a natural process. In Africa the new system of additive bilingualism shall be introduced now. That means that the 1st language maintains and a second one is added. This system developed out of the Bantu Education, which inforced black schoolchildren to learn English with the help of a racist curriculum (Stundenplan). But African children rebelled which is called the_ Soweto Uprising of 1976_, by now. This truly baneful legacy of Apartheid and a lack of will amongst most of the political leadership are the main reasons why there is no successful policy of multilingualism and multilingualistic education in Africa yet. On contrary, there’s really a language problem like in India and other former colonies. The leaders followed the French or English only (or mainly) language policies after formal independence from the colonial rule. Most of these countries returned to their mother – tongue within. Prof. Alexander Neville thinks, that if additive bilingualism is carried out systematically but flexibly, there should be a high level of literacy in Africa in the course of the next century (1 African language and at least some fluency in English for all Africans). African schools could normalise (competent language teachers like most countries of the world). We think this is a rather optimistic view. But what is the right way to learn a language? In the Internet Research there are some conditions quoted as important to learn a 2nd language: Teachers‘ language proficiency Teachers‘ competence as teachers (understand and overcome pupils‘ problems) Exposure to the language outside the classroom Adequate textbooks and material There’s a need for one or two world languages in the fields of trade, technology and diplomacy. But there’s a global tension between this need on one hand, and the national and regional need for a language in which the history and treasures of the cultures of the world‘s diverse peoples, are captured, on the other hand. Nowadays, as English is the lingua franca of the EU, massive efforts of translation and interpretation have to be taken. A lingua franca and Multilingualism should stand side by side, forming a common language policy. Changes in the Teaching of English David Crystal (Author of „English as a Global Languageâ€Å") thinks that English became the world language not because of any intrinsic linguistic qualities, but because at significant moments in history it happened to be ‘in the right place at the right time'. â€Å"The Future of English? by Graddol, suggests that English is at a turning point in its development as an international language: it has become a global language at a time when the world itself is undergoing rapid change. Indeed, English is very much a part of the process of transformation, which is creating a more closely interconnected world in which people and machines talk easily to each other from one country to any other in the world. It is clear that mo re and more people learning English as a foreign language do so in order to communicate with other non-native speakers of English. This marks a significant change in the nature and purpose of teaching and learning English around the world, which has hitherto been built on the idea of teaching a native speaker model of English (usually British or American) to allow communication between the learner and native speakers. If you consider, that the number of people speaking English as a second language will soon outnumber the one of those speaking it as a first tongue, you will understand, that also the way of teaching English has to change. Therefor new methods of English Language teaching (ELT) have been developed to be able to teach also the diverse and changing contexts in which English will be used in the future. There are courses on the Internet and special groups, where English teachers from all over the world discuss about the new challenge of their profession. Diana and Julia Brugger Opinions: What makes a global language? Why is English a leading candidate? Will it hold this position? A few years ago I travelled around Europe with a friend. Although we knew only a little French, we were able to travel with no problem. Everyone we encountered, with a few exceptions, spoke English. It was comforting to be able to communicate with others when we were lost, needed help or just wanted to talk. Personally, I think a universal language would benefit most people. I agree, however, that one should not replace native languages. Native languages are symbols of culture, the past and its people. From what we have learned so far I think a universal language would have maybe eliminated some of the oppression and subordination some peoples faced at the hands of colonisers. Cheryl Fonda Undoubtedly, the English language is a powerful tool and has been a dominant force in suppressing the colonies during Imperialism. Fortunately, Pakistan ( my native country) which was under British rule did not let go of it's native language despite British influence. English remains the official language, but we have our own national language called Urdu, which is quite dominant. Shandana *Khanzada* (Pakistan) I guess from the heading of this posting that we would assume that English would be a great candidate for this universal language. I do feel that it might eliminate some tension if everyone had access to a certain universal language and couldn't be exploited as easily. However, most diplomats and such already speak English. It is the poor of every nation that don't have access to English education, so the hierarchy still continues. The universal language would cause exploitation of poor by the rich. The only difference is that it would not be a nation exploiting another but people of a nation exploiting there own countrymen. Wesley Edwards We as English speakers take a lot for granted†¦ when it comes to languages we are very self-centred. True a universal language would make business and politics much easier, but each language carries much of a culture. If you have ever tried translating poetry from one language to another you know how words don't have exact translations and almost all subtleties are lost. Think about even within the English language†¦ each dialect ( southern, Midwest, New England) has its own character. Elizabeth Nelson A universal language sounds great in theory but the work that implementing it would entail is overwhelming to say the least. I too have travelled to other countries and have felt very lucky when others know English and were able to help me. —Americans should really know other languages well considering the resources we have here, but the truth of the matter is that we do not. I think a universal language would be more convenient but it would eventually wipe out certain difference among us that serve as positive vehicles for learning and experience. Laura Sykes English as a Global Language English as a global language English is spoken in most parts of the world, for instance in Great Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and in many more countries. Moreover in African states English serves as main form of communication. English is, after the Chinese one, the language most people speak and it is the most popular second language and foreign language pupils learn in school. The English language is often named as a â€Å"killer language† that wipes out smaller languages and their cultures by exclusive use (f. e. media, economy). English is not popular because of its linguistic properties but there are conscious, co-ordinated promotion programmes. But if there are so many speaking the same language there remains the question of human’s diversity – concerning biological, cultural and political matters. We also have to take into consideration, that English as a global language is also linked to social costs, because the teaching and accommodat ion of the languages for immigrant minorities is rather irrational. Language policy in the post-colonial situation: There are a lot of colonial states with multilingual character because of the imperialist powers in the 19th and 20th century. In Africa, for example, there are no attempts to use any African language in high-status functions, they are not even taught in schools. The period during colonialism changed a lot in the world’s history and following development, and colonialism make us think about cheap rawmaterials and workers the imperialist powers wanted to gain, but we often forget about something else, which an African statesman expresses in his speech: The real aim of colonialism was to control the people’s _wealth†¦ but) economic and political control can never be complete or effective without mental control. To control a people’s culture is to control their tools of self-definition in relationship to others. For colonialism, this involved two aspects of the same process: the destruction or the deliberate undervaluing of a people’s culture, their art, dances, religions, history, geography, education, orature and literature, and the conscious elevation of the language of the coloniser. The domination of a people’s language by the languages of the colonising nations was crucial to the domination of the mental universe of the colonised. Ngugi wa Thiong’o (extract from his famous essay on â€Å"The language of African literature†) But there are several arguments for the demand of the adoption of the ex-colonial languages as official ones. First, regarded politically, the choice of any indigenous language would destabilise African states which are multilingual. A second argument would be, that the continue use of the ex-colonial language is rather â€Å"practical† because in the end it was accepted by the majority. From having been the language of the oppressor, English, for instance, became the language of national unity and national liberation. There was a sense (economically and technically) in ex-colonial languages, because then they are linked to their â€Å"mother country† and the language-infrastructure delivers a pool of skills, like as prorate books, dictionaries, registers, etc. It would be useless to imitate and duplicate in any of African languages. But these arguments were not often used in cultural discussions, because the European languages often affect as superior to the indigenous â€Å"vernaculars†. The development seems to be inevitable because with the problem of unemployment, the ability to speak English is very important, but English can’t be blamed for the developments demanding an international lingua franca to facilitate a world wide exchange of knowledge everyone can understand. Killer languages were always introduced by those who were in control of power. The USA with the strongest currency the Dollar, shows that it is not coincidental that English is the leading candidate as a global language. Because of the English predominance in the industrial world, more and more peoples will have to join in and the question remains if they are able to keep their own identities. There is no danger if regional groups manage to keep their own language for internal communication, but in less developed countries the members of small linguistic groups have to change to a language of a higher rank in the language hierarchy. Because that way they are more flexible and the chances in world-wide competition are bigger. In Australia parents even force their children to speak English instead of their own indigenous mother tongue, because they want to provide them better chances for their future. Shortly, you can say that by surviving in a capitalistic system of competition many peoples are forced to support a process which destroys their own culture. In Countries of GB’s old colonial empire (e. g. : Australia, USA, Canada, New Zealand) the native populations were either killed or enslaved, and the Anglo- Saxon culture and language were adopted. This seemed to be a natural process. In Africa the new system of additive bilingualism shall be introduced now. That means that the 1st language maintains and a second one is added. This system developed out of the Bantu Education, which inforced black schoolchildren to learn English with the help of a racist curriculum (Stundenplan). But African children rebelled which is called the_ Soweto Uprising of 1976_, by now. This truly baneful legacy of Apartheid and a lack of will amongst most of the political leadership are the main reasons why there is no successful policy of multilingualism and multilingualistic education in Africa yet. On contrary, there’s really a language problem like in India and other former colonies. The leaders followed the French or English only (or mainly) language policies after formal independence from the colonial rule. Most of these countries returned to their mother – tongue within. Prof. Alexander Neville thinks, that if additive bilingualism is carried out systematically but flexibly, there should be a high level of literacy in Africa in the course of the next century (1 African language and at least some fluency in English for all Africans). African schools could normalise (competent language teachers like most countries of the world). We think this is a rather optimistic view. But what is the right way to learn a language? In the Internet Research there are some conditions quoted as important to learn a 2nd language: Teachers‘ language proficiency Teachers‘ competence as teachers (understand and overcome pupils‘ problems) Exposure to the language outside the classroom Adequate textbooks and material There’s a need for one or two world languages in the fields of trade, technology and diplomacy. But there’s a global tension between this need on one hand, and the national and regional need for a language in which the history and treasures of the cultures of the world‘s diverse peoples, are captured, on the other hand. Nowadays, as English is the lingua franca of the EU, massive efforts of translation and interpretation have to be taken. A lingua franca and Multilingualism should stand side by side, forming a common language policy. Changes in the Teaching of English David Crystal (Author of „English as a Global Languageâ€Å") thinks that English became the world language not because of any intrinsic linguistic qualities, but because at significant moments in history it happened to be ‘in the right place at the right time'. â€Å"The Future of English? by Graddol, suggests that English is at a turning point in its development as an international language: it has become a global language at a time when the world itself is undergoing rapid change. Indeed, English is very much a part of the process of transformation, which is creating a more closely interconnected world in which people and machines talk easily to each other from one country to any other in the world. It is clear that mo re and more people learning English as a foreign language do so in order to communicate with other non-native speakers of English. This marks a significant change in the nature and purpose of teaching and learning English around the world, which has hitherto been built on the idea of teaching a native speaker model of English (usually British or American) to allow communication between the learner and native speakers. If you consider, that the number of people speaking English as a second language will soon outnumber the one of those speaking it as a first tongue, you will understand, that also the way of teaching English has to change. Therefor new methods of English Language teaching (ELT) have been developed to be able to teach also the diverse and changing contexts in which English will be used in the future. There are courses on the Internet and special groups, where English teachers from all over the world discuss about the new challenge of their profession. Diana and Julia Brugger Opinions: What makes a global language? Why is English a leading candidate? Will it hold this position? A few years ago I travelled around Europe with a friend. Although we knew only a little French, we were able to travel with no problem. Everyone we encountered, with a few exceptions, spoke English. It was comforting to be able to communicate with others when we were lost, needed help or just wanted to talk. Personally, I think a universal language would benefit most people. I agree, however, that one should not replace native languages. Native languages are symbols of culture, the past and its people. From what we have learned so far I think a universal language would have maybe eliminated some of the oppression and subordination some peoples faced at the hands of colonisers. Cheryl Fonda Undoubtedly, the English language is a powerful tool and has been a dominant force in suppressing the colonies during Imperialism. Fortunately, Pakistan ( my native country) which was under British rule did not let go of it's native language despite British influence. English remains the official language, but we have our own national language called Urdu, which is quite dominant. Shandana *Khanzada* (Pakistan) I guess from the heading of this posting that we would assume that English would be a great candidate for this universal language. I do feel that it might eliminate some tension if everyone had access to a certain universal language and couldn't be exploited as easily. However, most diplomats and such already speak English. It is the poor of every nation that don't have access to English education, so the hierarchy still continues. The universal language would cause exploitation of poor by the rich. The only difference is that it would not be a nation exploiting another but people of a nation exploiting there own countrymen. Wesley Edwards We as English speakers take a lot for granted†¦ when it comes to languages we are very self-centred. True a universal language would make business and politics much easier, but each language carries much of a culture. If you have ever tried translating poetry from one language to another you know how words don't have exact translations and almost all subtleties are lost. Think about even within the English language†¦ each dialect ( southern, Midwest, New England) has its own character. Elizabeth Nelson A universal language sounds great in theory but the work that implementing it would entail is overwhelming to say the least. I too have travelled to other countries and have felt very lucky when others know English and were able to help me. —Americans should really know other languages well considering the resources we have here, but the truth of the matter is that we do not. I think a universal language would be more convenient but it would eventually wipe out certain difference among us that serve as positive vehicles for learning and experience. Laura Sykes