Bureaucracyr & Organizational

According to Max Weber, ‘Bureaucracy’ means a centrally directed, systematically organized and hierarchically structured staff devoted to the regular, routine and efficient carrying out of large-scale administrative tasks according to policies dictated by, rulers or directors standing outside and above the bureaucracy. Such a staff, as Weber rightly saw, tends to become rule-bound, functionally specialized, elevating impersonality and esprit de corps.But ‘bureaucracy’ has also meant the opposite of organizational efficiency and effective centralized control: red tape, slowness of procedure, reluctance to take a decision, the unnecessary multiplication of people, rules and forms — a connotation achieved by singling out for attention unfavourable secondary features or tendencies of bureaucratic structures. The term ‘bureaucracy’ has been included in, but also contrasted with, the more general concept of administration.Sometimes this is done by seeing bureaucracy as a formal and impersonal mode of administration, sometimes by seeing bureaucracy as that form of administration where administrators (the bureaucrats, the officials) have become the real rulers, arrogating to themselves privilege, power and control. An Organizational structure defines how job tasks are formally divided, grouped and coordinated. The main elements to consider while designing an organizational structure are Work Specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization and decentralization and formalization.The most common Organizational designs found in use are ? Simple or Flat structure ? The Bureaucracy ? The Matrix structure ? The Team Structure ? The Virtual Organization ? The Boundaryless Organization The paper discusses the major advantages of all the above designs and all are compared with bureaucracy and the real contribution of bureaucracy is arrived at the end of discussion. Then the role of bureaucracy i n improving the efficiency of the organization is elucidated. The impact of a low level bureaucracy is then discussed and its role in efficiency is discussed.Then the impacts of high level bureaucracy are discussed. Finally, the paper concludes by stating that a moderate level of bureaucracy is good for increasing the efficiency of the organization. Advantages and Disadvantages of various Organizational designs The simple structure is characterized by a low degree of departmentalization, wide spans of control, authority centralized in a single person, and little formalization. The strength of the simple structure lies in its simplicity. It’s fast, flexible and inexpensive to maintain and accountability is clear.One major weakness is that it is difficult to maintain in anything other than a small organization. The decision making becomes slow as the organization grows in size because of its low formalization and high centralization. A bureaucracy is characterized by highly rou tine operating tasks achieved through specialization, much formalized rules and regulations, tasks that are grouped into functional departments, centralized authority, narrow spans of control, and decision making that follows the chain of command.The primary strength of bureaucracy lies in its ability to perform standardized activities in a highly efficient manner. One of the major weakness of this structure is that it causes departmental conflicts and highly inflexible always following the rules. There is no room for modification The Matrix structure is characterized by dual lines of authority and combines product and functional departmentalization. IBM adopts a modified version of the matrix structure in its overall operations.The strength of this structure lies in its ability to facilitate coordination and efficient allocation of specialists. The major disadvantage lies in the confusion it creates, its prosperity to foster power struggles, and the stress it places on individuals. The Team structure uses teams as the central device to coordinate work activities. Companies like DaimlerChrysler, Saturn, Motorola and Xerox have made extensive use of self managed teams to improve productivity at the operational level. In smaller companies, the team structure can define the entire organization.For instance, Imedia, a 30 person marketing firm in New Jersey is completely organized around teams. This structure is highly unsuitable for large companies. A Virtual organization is a small core organization that out sources major business functions. Ancle Hsu and David Ji run a virtual organization. Their firm, California based Apex Digital, is one of the world’s largest producers of DVD Players, yet the company neither owns a factory nor employs an engineer. They contract everything out to firms in China. This is suitable for small and large organizations.The major advantage is the flexibility and the disadvantage is lack of managerial control in key aspects of b usiness. The Boundaryless organization is an organization that seeks to eliminate the chain of command, have limitless spans of control, and replace departments with empowered teams. The discussion of various organizational designs indicates the flexibility and adaptable nature of other designs compared to Bureaucracy. This also reveals that in most situations, Bureaucracy is good when the weaknesses of the designs are studied. Role of Bureaucracy in improving the efficiency of the organizationThe Primary strength of bureaucracy lies in putting like specialties together in functional departments results in economics of scale, minimum duplication of personnel and equipments, and employees who have the opportunity to talk â€Å" the same language† among their peers. Further more, bureaucracy can get by nicely with less talented – and hence, less costly middle and lower level managers. The pervasiveness of rules and regulations substitutes for managerial discretion. Stand ardized operation, coupled with high formalization, allow decision making to be centralized.There is little need therefore, for innovative and experienced decision makers below the level of senior executives. This drastically cuts costs for the enterprise and improves the efficiency level drastically by obtaining high levels of economies of scale and spending less on employees. The bureaucracy is efficient only as long as employees confront problems that they have previously encountered and for which programmed decision rules have already been established. Impact of a low level of bureaucracy A low level of bureaucracy results in huge lack of control.Employees are at their will and decision making becomes a very cumbersome task. There will be a lot of outstanding orders and the work schedule will be way below the expected level. This considerably decreases the efficiency of the organization. In very rare cases, employees take up responsibility and achieve targets. Impact of a high l evel of bureaucracy A high level of bureaucracy is highly detrimental to the growth of the organization. This makes the employees to develop job insecurity and they feel to be continuously monitored.High level of bureaucracy is characterized by issuing orders and a logic to follow. There will be a lot of unwanted works and precious time will be spent in duplication of the same work in various levels of the organization. This curbs innovation and creativity leading to routine jobs and eventually leads to employee boredom. There will be no sort of an employee involvement in this situation. Employees work for long hours but the output will be way below the standards and there will be no motivation mechanisms to support the employees. This finally results in employee turnover.So, a high level of bureaucracy is to be avoided as it may arouse the employees against the management of the company. Weakness of Bureaucracy One of the major weaknesses of a bureaucracy is illustrated in the foll owing dialogue between four executives in one company: â€Å"Ya Know, nothing happens in this place until we produce something, â€Å"said the production executive. Wrong commented the research and development manager, â€Å"Nothing happens until we design something†. â€Å"What are you talking about? † asked the marketing executive. â€Å"Nothing happens here until we sell something†.Finally, the exasperated accounting manager responded, â€Å"It does not matter what you produce, design, or sell. Now one knows what happens we tally up the results! † This conversation points at the fact that specialization creates subunit conflicts. Functional unit goals can override the overall goals of organization. The other major weakness of a bureaucracy is something dealing with the people who work in these organizations: obsessive concern with following the rules. When cases arise that do not precisely fit the rules, there is no room for modification. ConclusionB ureaucracy is efficient to the organization only when a moderate level exists. Both a low level of bureaucracy and a high level of bureaucracy will result in the inefficient operation of the enterprise without fully utilizing the resources of the company. A moderate level of bureaucracy will ensure that control mechanisms are in place and that employees are achieving their targets. This also allows the restriction of imposing rules and procedures to the employees and causing boredom. When a saturation point is reached, bureaucracy contributes greatly to improving the efficiency of the organization to a great level.Reference: †¢ Stephen P. Robbins, Organizational Behavior, Tenth Edition, Prentice Hall of India. Pg. 425-446, Pg. 523-535. †¢ Garry Dessler, Human Resource Management, Eastern Economy edition. Pg 465-479. †¢ Randy L. Desimone, Jon M. Werner and David M. Harris, Human Resource Development, Pearson education. Pg. 225 – 239 †¢ Cummings & Worley, Or ganization Culture and Change , 2005, page 490 †¢ Merril Ewert D and Jennifer A King Rice. 2002 October. Managing Diversity: HRM Review. †¢ http://www. hrmguide. co. uk/history/classical_organization_theory. htm

How important is it for the organization Essay

Of many of the problems that the organizations face these days, one of the vital one is of employee dissatisfaction and lower motivation for work. Employees feel dejected and demotivated when their basic needs and requirements are not met; those needs might include hygiene and motivating factors that involve the presence or absence of working conditions, salary, empowerment or authority, job status, social relationships, etc. Organizations need to develop such a Human Resource department that effectively performs its activities by understanding the changing trends of the environment and so the employee needs and requirements. The decisive thing here in this case is that the HR department must scrutinize the productivity level, motivation, direction, attitude, and overall performance of the employees towards their assigned tasks and prosperity of the firm as a whole. HR managers emphasize on keeping the employees motivated, directed, and contented by adapting to several measures; some of which are explained as follows. First of all, the main responsibility of the Human Resource department is to hire or recruit the employees at their very best, who have best available skills and abilities that would result in the provision of value to the organization. The process of hiring and recruiting plays a vital role in determining an employee’s productivity and efficiency. Many organizations use references to hire the applicants, but the clear-cut method based on merit must be adopted. Taking written test, arranging group discussions, and conducting interviews with different managers help the Human Resource department to effectively analyze an applicant’s potential and skills whether he should be hired or not. Second, the managers must consider an employee as a person and treat him with due respect; offensive comments and remarks must not be passed out in order to avoid unwanted consequences. Mutual respect among the managers and employees must be maintained so that employees may feel that they are part of the organization. Third, many employees join the company with their basic motivation of salary; hence the salary package must be handsome enough to make the employee contented or even satisfied. Every human being has some needs as mentioned by Maslow in his pyramid of needs that starts with physiological needs, and then follows safety and security needs, then social and affection needs, esteem needs, and finally self-actualization. It should be understood at first hand by the managers or supervisors that employees are given enough time, resources, and opportunities to satisfy such basic needs such as, safety and security and physiological needs. Competitive benefits should be offered to the employees by analyzing the industry trends as in how much salary, benefits, or allowances are being paid by the competitors, and then the blend of competitive benefits should be offered. This may include providing compensation packages to the workers according to their job design; such as, low-level or assembly-line workers must be ensured enough security and medicinal allowances. Motivation can be categorized as the key to improved performance, and hence must be developed among the employees. This can be overcome by the managers by properly understanding their needs and wants and acting accordingly to fulfill them. Fourth, showing the chance of being promoted to the upper level definitely creates a sense of motivation among the workers. Often in many organizations, there comes the problem of glass ceiling where women and minorities are not give the chance to be promoted, hence this should not happen in order to keep the employees motivated. Fifth, Human Resource departments have a very significant responsibility of designing tasks, matching them with the employees, and assigning them. Employees, based on their skills and abilities, are assigned the tasks to work on and that suits them the most. Avoiding monotonous jobs and assigning them with interesting and innovating tasks develops interest in doing work and keeps the workers directed. Sixth, managers must create a sense of Task Identity and Task Significance among the employees that is to what extent their jobs are important for the company. Seventh, training is an essential process carried on by the organizations to keep their employees’ skills and capabilities inline with the changing environment. Several of training methods include hiring skilled expertise from various organizations or universities who train the employees for a limited period of time; moreover, organizations also send their employees abroad for training purposes as in to attend conferences or training sessions. Managers can arrange the workshops or lecture sessions within the organization for addressing the latest developments and challenges being occurred in the market or industry. Eighth, timely, accurate, and effective feedback must be provided by the managers to point out the strengths and weakness of the employees in their performance. And, involving the employees in the decision-making processes and empowering them by giving more authority to practice is also another wise strategy to motivate the employees. Often employees are not provided with accurate and corrective feedback such as; they are not pointed out their negatives just because of avoiding unwanted atmosphere or relationships. Therefore, many managers and supervisors prefer providing feedback that is usually positive even if the employee has some negative points about his work or attitude. Another issue is of providing of feedback from supervisors with whom the employee has good relationships or who favors the employee in each and every aspect of work life. This results in overvaluation of an employee, hence giving him points more than actually he deserves. Therefore, in order to have an effective feedback program, human resource departments must ensure that they adapt the 360 degree feedback method, which involves the provision of feedback from various sources such as, managers, directors, supervisors, colleagues, and peers. This method is very effective since it confirms different sorts of feedback provided by different sources. Consequently, to sum up the essay, we can say that the role of Human resource departments in almost every organization is like that of a brain in a human body. Since this is the era of globalization and immense competition, hence organizations are seeking to cut costs, save time, and be effective and efficient in carrying on their business activities. All the roles and responsibilities of the Human Resource department mentioned above do have significant importance because if they are performed effectively and wisely, they can result in saving huge amount of costs for the organization. Moreover, effective implementation of such measures and tactics can result in providing a company with great talent, expertise, working environment, high sales, high profits, high growth, good reputation, and most of all, efficiency.

Critical Analysis of a Project Business Case Essay

Critical Analysis of a Project Business Case - Essay Example A business case is used to present the strategies and evaluate the alternatives associated with the project plan. To critically analyze the business case regarding the proposal of Affordable Housing for Essential Workers in Port Hedland town in Western Australia, the business case can be looked into with an aim of reflecting on the goals and objectives of the business case as proposed, the valid opportunities and scopes that the case effectively addresses, evaluate the costs and benefits as proposed in the business case and identify the various economic, legal and non- economic benefits as well as the strategies and risks involved in the business case report. Also the business case should be analyzed critically to understand the level of alignment that it has with the vision and objectives of the organization undertaking the project. The rationale for developing the business plan and the risk factors and benefits of implementing the alternatives should also be critically evaluated. B ackground Port Hedland is located in Western Australia on the coastal region of Pilbara region. Due to the presence of a natural harbour, the area has developed as a service centre hub for many industries like gold mining and pearling. In 1960, large iron ore deposits were discovered in Pilbara which drove major changes in the townscape with developments in the construction of railway lines, harbours, accommodation and other facilities for the increase number of mining workers and their families moving into the town. Since then, Port Hedland saw major investments towards resource projects which established Port Hedland as a prominent administration and service hub. In the current scenario, Port Hedland has a huge service population constituting of more than 20,000 full time workers and around 3000 hour based workers. This is referred to in Appendix 1. The accommodation of the rapidly expanding work population has become a major challenge for the town (Government of Western Australia , 2012). The Western Australian Government has become much focused towards improving the living standards and qualities in port Hedland and turning the city into a modern and diverse city with several facilities, infrastructure and services being provided for the population in Port Hedland. The Analysis The greatest challenges for the government of Port Hedland are to develop sufficient infrastructure, land and housing to match the accelerated and unpredictable growth in the population and service workers number (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). The business plan for Affordable Housing for Essential Workers in Port Hedland town can be analyzed to be in alignment with the current developments in the town area. The region is experiencing huge demand from the resource boom and has to particularly focus on the land and infrastructure projects to match up with the current and the future growth trends in the town. There are extensive plans made for Port Hedland city growth plan to offset the complex development, infrastructure and planning constraints. The business case under study is streamlined with the requirement of more developed infrastructure, housing facilities and other amenities to make the economy more diversified. The economic outlook in the town of Port Hedland looks perfect for new business investments particularly in the housing

Dirct and e-Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dirct and e-Marketing - Essay Example The threat for the future of direct marketing is data protections and privacy laws accepted in order to protect personal information from undesirable intrusion. Until the problems of protection of personal data have been solved, public acceptance of the Internet for widespread online purchasing of good and services will not really take off. It should be mentioned that personal data is: "Information that identifies a person e.g. address, e-mail address, name etc. and "includes any expression of opinion about the individual" which is, recorded and processed" (Data Protection, 1998). The field of marketing communications has seen dramatic changes since the 1980s, not least the unprecedented advances in marketing technologies. The ubiquitous Internet, ingenious smart cards, sophisticated customer databases, easily accessible data warehouses, and cost-effective direct mail have all contributed to a quantum leap in the quantity and quality of information exchanged between companies and the ir customers. Through information and communications technology, the pace of exchange has reached lightning speed and the costs of information processing have plummeted. The impact on the everyday lives of businesses and individuals has been profound (Chaffy, Mayer, Johnson, Ellis-Chadwick, 2000). Privacy concerns relate not only to interception and subsequent misuse of credit card or other personal data on the Internet but also extend to private use of information held on computers about individuals, such as health, tax and social security records, and to monitoring of what is downloaded from different sites and by whom. For instance, if someone goes into a e-shop the staff can record which items they are buying and their personal information such as e-mail, telephone, etc. On the Internet, the computers holding the Web pages log all comings and goings. The organisation running the site - in the case of official information, has a complete record of everything they look at, their interests and concerns. " The factors that exacerbate concerns are unsolicited communications, particularly if they presume to extend a relationship beyond what the consumer recognises, and especially if the communication is from an unknown organisation, and even more so if personal data has been ex propriated and exploited through such mechanisms as the exchange of mailing lists. For some people at least, a further cause for concern is its wastefulness" (Clarke, 2005). Without the transparency afforded by building freedom of information and data protection principles into the systems which will deliver online services, it is hard to see why people should trust not to abuse the powers it will need to tie together the data from disparate sources. If the same 'smart' electronic card will in future be used for financial transactions, to hold medical records, criminal records, driving licence details and to authenticate my dealings with departments, how can a cost6omer be sure the firm will not abuse the technology to track my movements, lifestyle, reading matter and so on This gap in public trust is going to be one of the biggest problems facing the wiring up of public service delivery, and strong FOI and data protection laws are the absolute minimum requirements to bridge the divide. On the one hand the right to be informed of the facts involved in any buyer-seller relationship is clearly a fundamental right. Some of

Benjamin Franklin and the Economy of the Colonies Essay

Benjamin Franklin and the Economy of the Colonies - Essay Example Reacting to the advocates of the Stamp Act who claimed that the Seven Years War had been waged to the detriment of Britain to protect the interests of Native Americans, Franklin referred once again to the fur trade subject: â€Å"The last war was begun, not ‘for the immediate protection’ of all Americans, but for the protection of British trade, carried on with British manufactures among the Indians in America† (Greene 1995, 261). Franklin also commented on the dispatching of Braddock’s army by the Crown to America as a way to safeguard British trade and that the â€Å"trade with the Indians, though carried on in America, is not an American interest† (Greene 1995, 261). The war had been waged to create new markets for English producers and traders, and, as argued by Franklin, should justly shoulder the burden of maintaining the army (Isaacson 2003) that at the time inhabited the colonized lands. Economic Structure of the Colonies In a working colonia l economy, the capitalist interconnectedness of the colonies and the mother country generally resulted in a colonial imbalance of trade. The colonies pay for the products of the mother country and are pushed to produce those unprocessed materials needed by the colonial capitalists. In this process they are backed up by the new capital and investment of the balances of the mother country (Beer 1958). Hence, in the southern settlements, tobacco mostly was being generated to supply revenues for the British products the plantation owners needed; yet, since the trade left the British with a positive balance, its capitalists had by the 1770s at least ?4,000,000 spent in southern planting activities (Wahlke 1962, 1). To pay for the fees on these arrears, according to Wahlke (1962), southern planters were forced to continuously broaden their agricultural activities and to take part in the secondary operations of the fur trade and land assessment. Evidently, the northern colonies were a sour ce for iron, whale products, furs, and lumber, and these Britain greatly required sustaining her autonomy of European supplies. Through payments, the loosening of trade limitations and the rewarding of preferred places in the main market, Britain tried to persuade these businesses, in part because it needed these materials and in part to deflect northern capital from reaching into manufacturing, shipping, and shipbuilding (Greene 1995). Yet, the policy was a failure. The northern colonies were purchasing more and more volumes of British products and services, and were hence heavy debtors in the direct trade (Greene 1995). Obviously, these economic systems only benefited the British capitalists and merchants in terms of favorable balances. The colonies in turn were increasingly buried in debt. In the system of mercantilism, colonies were obliged to support the mother country in gaining an export surplus, economic independence, and favorable balance of trade. Colonies were obliged to provide supplies which would otherwise have to be acquired from non-colonial reservoirs, produce exports by the manufacture and trade of goods in high demand in other markets, and supply a market for the exports of the mother country (Greene 1995). In return, the mother country would furnish the settlements with military protection, and centralized regulation of the economy. But mercantilism was ‘not an American interest’

Is there a market for wool suits that are washable Essay

Is there a market for wool suits that are washable - Essay Example The strategies for the future will be regarding the expansion of the market, cost of production, cost effectiveness and market vulnerability of the strategies of the company. As the management comprises of directing and controlling the company, the coordination is required. This needs harmonizing the group towards accomplishing a goal. The resources available to the company are assessed and are divided into human, financial, technological and natural resources. The management deals with the power by position and this combined with leadership qualities involves the influence in marketing the product. When the company is one of the market leaders its products, the management qualities can be combined with leadership qualities and can be used for growth of the company. As the analysis of the company in this paper is not a new company, the management with the combination of the leadership can be discussed when needed. 1 The stand taken in this paper is that the family name strategy is more effective than the single name strategy. This is because in this case, each product will have a separate name under a family brand name. This will be viable for the companies that produce diversified product line. This in turn requires product line management to make the company successful in keeping the family brand name popular by quality and marketing. The company may lose its dominant position and fails to capitalize on its position if its strategy fails. The strategy of the company that uses high technology to produce its goods represent unique challenges from other or competitors in the industries. 2.2 Product line strategy: The company should follow the changes in technology that brings about remarkable changes in the quality of the products. When the technology is advancing rapidly the lifetime of the product is short and at this juncture and period, the family brand name helps the companies to market the products on the brand value of the family name.

Who would you rather study with. Aristotle or Plato Essay

Who would you rather study with. Aristotle or Plato - Essay Example Aristotle on the other hand believed in logical reasoning. He is credited with laying the foundation of the use of logic as a basis for study and scientific thought. Thus, whereas Aristotle’s philosophical values are heavily influenced by Plato, there exist huge differences in their way of thinking. Based on my personal values, ethics, religion affiliation, beliefs, and philosophical orientation, I would rather study with Aristotle than Plato. Aristotle believed that when we breakdown and classify the natural world in a systematic and analytic way, we can reach a true argument where we can come up with a conclusion that is concrete and correct. This is against the arguments brought forward by Plato who insisted on making valid arguments that made sense logically but could not be either considered factually true or false. An example of a valid argument would be to suggest that old people are bad drivers. Therefore, when you meet let’s say Jack, who is old, you out righty judge him as being a bad driver. While this may be a valid argument, it may not be entirely true without seeing him driving. On the other hand, a true argument as presented by Aristotle would probably suggest that all fruits have seeds. Therefore, regardless of whether he picks an apple or an orange, he will know that these are fruits and thus they all have seeds. Therefore, Aristotle would make a better person to learn with because of his valid sci entific arguments. While both Plato and Aristotle contributed hugely to political philosophy and shared some sentiments on the ideal state, Aristotle still had some of his reservations on some of Plato’s philosophical teachings. While Plato advocated for communism in which he called for abolition of ownership of private property, Aristotle was a harsh critic on the abolition of private property. Plato was of the

Aggregate upply Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aggregate upply - Essay Example The Aggregate supply is defined as the amount of goods and services rendered by the national economy during particular time period. According to Keynesian economic model, two different versions are related to it,The aggregate supply in the Keynesian cross diagram is represented by Z curve. If the desired total spending line 'bypasses the Z curve of aggregate supply' (Theory of Linear Economics), the intersection represents the level of production, spending and income.In some of the cases, the aggregate supply and aggregate demand curves are represented by Marshallian supply and demand curve. The curve of aggregate supply is shown increasing in upward direction, with slope parallel to the vertical axis. The upward slope of the aggregate supply is time bounded, and such behavior is prominent only for small time interval. The upward slope of the aggregate supply is because 'aggregate production and price level are directly proportional to each other' (Theory of Linear Economics). The di rect relationship between the aggregate production and price level is because of,According to the neo classical economic model, the production can be increased if the prices of certain commodities are increased for wooing the profit oriented organizations. The reason behind increasing the production, and then subsequently increasing the prices is due to the diminished returns, and therefore the rise in marginal cost is forecasted because one or more production related factors remain stable in short run, and is considered to be at highest extreme, this is termed as fixed capital equipment.Taking into consideration the relationship between the income and production, during certain interval the income is fixed, and therefore the rising profit exemplify the expansion of output. However in case of the previous economic models, the income was subjected to vary with the economic conditions, and both the income and economic conditions share direct relationship. This theory is used to expres s the vertical behavior of the aggregate supply curve in long duration. Another model suggests that the economic behavior is dependent upon many non- uniformed and non- related input parameters. Those input parameters include both the labor and fixed capital accessory. However both the parameters can be unemployed, which has subsequent impact on the profit ratio. The positive slope of the AS curve is well explained with the reasons that, some input parameters are fixed priced on short term basis, and the production experiences resistance as it surges. When the demand of the production unit is lowered, the industrial units avoids optimized usage of their capital equipment, therefore keeping the average price level controlled, the production can be increased in case on minimized returns. Therefore 'flat AS curve is obtained' (Alternative Economic models of Transition). However if the demand factor surges, the production units have other unemployed input parameters, therefore the increase in demand and production increases the prices. Therefore AS curve is vertical. The practice of aggregate supply is normally implemented by the government for increasing the efficiency of production and over all national output. The government mainly applies the aggregate supply principle with the reforms in conformity of supply side policies. The government practices aggregate supply in different public institution including research and development, education and training, social welfare reforms, reforms associated with working class, minimizing the authority of trade union. AGGREGATE DEMAND The net demand of goods and services during particular time interval is termed Aggregate Demand. The individual curves sum up to give aggregate demand. The aggregate demand curve is the

Port strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Port strategy - Essay Example In the year 2005, UNESCAP and TTD (The Transport and Tourism Division) comprised of almost 600 ports, globally. In the year 2002, GTO operated approximately 55% of total global port terminals (Rossignol, 2007). Source: (Rossignol, 2007). Since 2002, the larger port operator companies comprise of the larger market share and are increasing at reasonable rate. In the year 2005, the GTO’s share in port had increased to 58%. The capacity of goods in ports had risen by 11.3% which was calculated as 399 million TEU from 2004–2005. The high market share of GTO indicates the importance of port services globally. In 2006, it was found that GTO terminals possessed 81% of the largest cranes with more than 22 rows (Rossignol, 2007). Source: (Rossignol, 2007). The above table shows the major port operator companies throughout the world in the year 2005. Strategies of Major Port Operators The port operators had experienced tough dynamic business environment. This increased the need of merger and acquisition of small terminal and establishment of new terminal system. As a consequence, many port operators had implemented horizontal and vertical assimilation strategies. The motive for merger and acquisition strategies is to expand the business, market share, and economies–of–scale and attain the leading position. In the year 2009, HPH (Hutchison Port Holdings) was the market leader for port shipment and PSA (Port of Singapore Authority) was in the second position with regard to total hectare. This highlights the aggressive growth related strategy for obtaining terminal. The acquisition takes place in the lower market that possesses strong growth... In past, many port operators had restructured their port and begun to relocate operations and proprietorship to the private sector. The critical part in restructuring is that the government must make sure that the ports are managed effectively. It has been seen that private corporations have stronger encouragement to control resources competently than public organisations. The reason is that private companies are greatly exposed in the competition and there is less vulnerability of political intrusion. The restructuring had helped PSA and HHLA to gain insight about how to achieve more competitive and efficient ports. It directly benefits the employees and the neighbouring countries. Port restructuring provides convincing means to increase both political and monetary autonomies. There are three motives behind restructuring of ABP ports. The first motive is the limited competition and higher cost of port services. The second motive is to remain competitive with other European ports tha t had swiftly adjusted according to market condition and adopted advanced technology such as containerisation. The final motive is that under the control of government the port’s access was restricted i.e. it was unable to diversify into other profitable businesses. The restructuring helped to remove these limitations of ABP.

Carl Linnaeus Essay Example for Free

Carl Linnaeus Essay Linnaeus Report Born in 1707 to a country parson in Rashult, southern Sweden, the young Linnaeus showed a keen interest in plants and flowers and by the age of eight, was given the nickname ‘the little botanist’. Linnaeus studied medicine, first at the University of Lund and then at the University of Uppsala. Medicine at this time was based on herbals so it meant he also studied plants. He shared his passion for plants with Olaf Celsius whom he met at Uppsala. Linnaeus is most widely known for creating systems for naming and classifying plants and animals. Realizing that new plants were being discovered faster than their relationships could be established, he first came up with a simple classification based upon the number of floral parts of each plant. This system remained popular into the nineteenth century. Gradually Linnaeus also developed a system of names in which each species of plant and animal had a genus (class or group) name followed by a specific name. For example,  Plantago virginica  and  Plantago lanceolata  were the names of two species of  plantain  (an herb). Botanists agreed in 1905 to accept his  Species plantarum  (1753) and zoologists (scientists who study animals) agreed to accept his  Systema naturae  (1758) as the official starting points for scientific names of plants and animals. He  was one of the most influential scientists of his time. His  theory of classication allowed for clear and easy descriptions of plants, animals and minerals. So straightforward was his new naming system, it is still used by scientists today.

Concept Of Motivation

Concept Of Motivation This essay discusses the concept of motivation and its implications for the organisations. The author defines the theory of motivation and then reviews some of the theories (i.e. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Expectancy Theory, McGregors Theory X and Y, Hertzbergs Two-Factor Theory) that are significant to understand the human behaviour in the organisations. Further the essay provides arguments for the existing value of the concept of motivation for the managers and discusses the alternatives that are available for the managers to use the knowledge and develop strategies for increasing motivation at the workplace. At the end of the essay the author mentions limitations that still exist. Introduction: what is Motivation? The world was interested in building and studying the theories of motivation from the early 1950s, with the development of industrialisation and an appearance of mass manufacture. At the start, theories were aimed to increase the levels of production at the assembly lin es and the employees were motivated by basic needs and did not possess any power. The processes were monotonous and a set of tangible factors drove the workers to perform. As the job design changed, new theories were built to support the concept of motivation. The studies of motivation mainly focused on what motivated people and how the employees were motivated. This led to the division of the theories in 2 formats: content and process theories. Before these theories will be discussed in this essay, the concept of motivation should be defined: Motivation is a process in which a person is triggered to work for the achievement of his own aims and goals. Persons determination to perform and his/her effort are designed to satisfy his/her needs, e.g. get tangible rewards (an extrinsic motivation), or alternatively, he/she is interested in the job itself and the tasks (an intrinsic motivation). Overview of theories of motivation: The motivation theories are significant in sociology as they give a rational explanation on five patterns of behaviour of people in the organisation, based on their needs, reinforcement, cognitions, job characteristics and feelings /emotions. (Kreitner Kinicki, 2001) To discuss the value of the motivation theories in understanding the behaviour of the employees at the workplace, some of them should be described further. Content theories The main theories that are studied and can be used in the working environment are Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (1943), McGregors Theory X and Y and Herzbergs Two Factor theory (1968). According to the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, individuals are driven by five needs, which serve as a basis for their effort in work. Starting from the physiological needs, after the satisfaction takes place, the individuals move up the next levels of the hierarchy, which are safety, belongingness love, esteem and self -actualisation needs. Therefore this theory suggested that people are motivated by basic to complicated needs. The theory is still used today, though it does not cover all the aspects of the concept. (Maslow, 1970) Theory X and Y suggests that there are two patterns of behaviour in the organisation. Theory X says that the employees are not willing to work and do not show any interest in the job. They are forced and controlled by the management who may offer remuneration or alternatively leave without it. Therefore this acts as a motivator for work. Theory Y suggests that the employees can control themselves and can be driven by their own goals and are responsible for their work and efforts. (McGregor, 1987) Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory suggests that various factors exist that can motivate employees, however, there are other factors, named hygiene which may dissatisfy the employees and in that case must be altered. The motivating and hygiene factors have different meanings in the organisation, the absence of one of these factors can brea k the balance of being motivated and satisfied at the same time. The motivating factors include recognition, tasks and success, alternatively the hygiene factors are job conditions, remuneration and company policy. (Robbins, 2001) Process theories From the process theories, the focus of this essay will be on Expectancy Theory and Goal-Setting Theory. According to Robbins (2001), Vrooms Expectancy Theory, peoples motivation is activated only if the energy spent on the work leads to a good performance and consequently, the performance leads to bonuses and rewards. Therefore, this theory aids to understand why some workers do not put much effort in their work, as they are de-motivated from the beginning, knowing that good performance is not likely to be achieved and/or rewarded. Accordingly, the performance rewards link has issues when the individuals do not see themselves capable of receiving rewards due to factors as incompetence or personal relations with the management and co-workers. When eventually the rewards are received, they can appear unattractive to the individuals thus cause frustration at the workplace. Goal Setting Theory developed by Locke (1968) suggests that the individuals are greater motivated when the goals are set by managers or by the individuals themselves when they are closely engaged in the processes at the workplace, rather than when the individuals do not see clearly what their efforts are directed at and what the management expects from them. Thus, the employees behaviou r suggests that they like to be guided by the managers and they achieve greater results even if the work is complicated. Moreover, the theory suggests that a feedback should be provided for the work done, which makes the workers willing to do the job, as they appreciate being commented on their performance. (Robbins, 2001) Application of the theories to practice The existence of multiple motivation theories makes it difficult to find the ideal one that can be applied to the organisation. This is due to the limitations and irrelevance of some of them in the modern work environments. To derive the value of each of the theories, a contingency matrix is used by the managers as a guideline on which of the theories to apply at the workplace to enhance performance and provide job fulfillment. For example, the Expectancy theory applied in the organisation activates the employee for action, effort and can increase an employee turnover. One of the most applicable theories is Hackman and Oldha ms (1980) theory that is a content theory, as it affects both effort and routine work, fulfillment, employee turnover and the reasons for frustration, as the theory is based on the job characteristics and encourages the managers to create interesting jobs at the workplace. (Kreitner Kinicki, 2001) Most of the motivation theories that are adapted in the organisations have to be altered to fit into the organizational context. They are used by managers for the assessment of motivation at the workplace and to find means of improving it by satisfying the needs of the employees or alternatively trigger them to work and perform. It is a process that changes with the time and new tendencies. Therefore it is essential to alter the job designs and introduce new benefits, e.g. flexible hours, possibility to work from home, regular skills assessments, informal communication, and to prevent a strict top-down communication between the manager and the colleagues. Value for managers The studying of the theories of motivation bring a great value for managers as was discussed above, as the concept is used on practice to analyse peoples behaviour, despite of existence of some pitfalls. The theories work on practice, when supported by contemporary theories, and they serve as a foundation for building strategies to increase motivation at the workplace. The old theories are a base for new theories; therefore their meaning is not lost. E.g. the contemporary theory developed by Ritchie and Martin divide the employees in high-need and low-need level individuals and assess their desire to be motivated by both tangible and intangible rewards, an interest, achievement, recognition, self-development, variety change, creativity, social contacts, money, structure and others. This approach serves as a useful tool for the managers to assess performance in their organsiations nowadays. (Buchanan Huczynski, 2003) And moreover, improve the motivation by introducing the rewards an d recognition schemes. The employees may be rewarded either individually or as a part of the group. Individual rewards are limited by the skills that he person possesses and can be increased only if a persons productivity increases. Kerrin Oliver, 2002, suggest that rewarding the group may have concerns with the theories of motivation but people engage in the processes, collaborate with their colleagues, set their goals in a competitive environment, have a potential for their creativity to be developed and all of this can serve as motivators and bring satisfaction from the job performed. The rewards should be then based on a both individual productivity and the performance of the group. Alternatively, managers are capable of designing the job for the employees and thus motivate them to work. According to theory of Hackman and Oldham (1980) described by Kreitner Kinicki, 2001, the job must offer an application of different skills, the tasks must be engaging and important in the pro cess, a substantial level of autonomy should be allowed and the feedback available. This will lead to a greater willingness to accept responsibilities and give a satisfaction from the job and result in a high motivation. Managers have an opportunity to analyse their style of control and behaviour using McGregors Theory X and Theory Y approach and thus choose the way the work is facilitated at the workplace, either by strict control or collaboration and empowerment. Gradual development of the motivation concepts led the managers from the strict rules of the assembly line to the empowerment and allowance of an autonomy and creativity at the workplace, thus enhancing the performance of the organisation as a whole. Limitations However, the following limitations exist that cannot be avoided in the studies of the motivation theories: ? The development of negative behaviour in the organisation hostility, obedience and lack of innovation when every single individual is trying to achieve his own goals collectively to the goals of the organisation. The competition leads to hostility, de-motivated people do not have any potential to progress if they are not satisfied. Punishments as motivation to work leads to obedience and stagnation in the organisation ? It is a time-consuming process to understand what really motivates each individual at the workplace as the theories were initially developed for the assembly lines when motivation factors did not vary. The theories have to be altered and further developed to be applied in the organisations ? Motivation theories seem inapplicable as sometimes it is obvious that nowadays people are driven by tangible rewards, i.e. they are in a pursuit of wealth which makes all the theories irrelevant

Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights Essay -- Emily Bronte Wuthering Heigh

Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights 1) The story takes place in the early XIXth century. There are two characters in this extract : Mr Lockwood and Catherine Linton. Mr Lockwood is the first narrator of this novel, he was one of Mr Heathcliff's tenants. At the beginning of the story , there were three characters : Heathcliff, a foundling, his sister Catherine and his brother Hindley. Catherine fell in love with Heathcliff, but was married with Edgar Linton. So, the second character we meet here is Catherine Linton, Edgar Linton's daughter. This extract belongs to the end of the novel. Catherine comes back to the farm Wuthering Heights, she tries to get in the house trough the window. Mr Lockwood, which had read Catherine's diary, does not recognize her. 2) In this text, Mr Lockwood is in his bed room at Wuthering Heights, he is alone and he had to stay in the farm because of the snow. He is disturbed by the gusty wind and the incessant move of the fir-bough. So he tries to stop this teasing noise, opening the window and seizing the branch. When his fingers grabbed the branch, another cold hand caught his. Then the context makes the text become an ambiguous experience and we can say that this extract is set between sanity and madness to some extents. First of all, we will see that this text relates an ambiguous experience. The atmosphere is gloomy : Mr Lockwood is alone in an isolated farm, everithing is dark around him and there are many teasing noises. So we can say that the atmosphere is quite nightmarish. Mr Lockwood had found Catherine Linton's diary, and he had read it. So he knows the passion between Catherine Linton and Mr Heathcliff, the owner of Wuthering Heights. The first contact between... ...ieve that what he is living is a hallucination, a product of his imagination because nothing seems to be real. Maybe that the excessive feelings mentionned are caused by Mr Lockwood's imagination ; for the reader, the atmosphere is not very threatening. As in many pre-Romantic novel, the nightmarish atmosphere, symbolised by the darkness, the moor, the winter, is the source of imagination and also of fear : imagination and extreme feelings like fear are linked together. We could make a link between this novel from Emily Bront and the short stories by Edgar Allan Poe, like in The Raven for example. Indeed, Poe wrote his short stories in the same period as Emily Bront. In The Raven, the power of imagination, the supranatural and the unreal have also a great place, and we could note, as in Wuthering Heights, that the feelings expressed are often excessive.

Analysis of Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay -- Pride and Prej

Analysis of Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen It centers on the elder sisters of the Bennet family, Jane and Elizabeth. Their personalities, misunderstandings and the roles of pride and prejudice play a large part in the development of their individual relationships. The spirited Elizabeth and softhearted Jane have to deal with not only their own feelings but also the status of their family, both of which affect the outcomes of their marriages. The struggle is very believable and realistic because the story takes place a long time ago. The way people interact with each other today is quite different than how they would interact with each other back then. Pride and Prejudice is an appropriate name for the book. These notions permeate the novel thoroughly, especially in the views of Elizabeth and Darcy. Jane's temperance does not allow for these qualities to exist in her personality. Mr. Darcy is characterized as a proud, haughty, arrogant man and ends up almost immediately alienating himself from the townspeople. This opinion arises after he refuses to dance with the young ladies who have attended the ball and his obvious reluctance to talk to anyone. His pride was said to come from his extreme wealth. Our first introduction to pride and prejudice is at a ball Mr. Bingley throws. His sisters and a dear friend of his, Mr. Darcy, accompany him. Eighteenth-century England was quite preoccupied with status, especially concerning wealth and reputation. Darcy's reluctance to speak with anyone stemmed from his lack of respect for anyone outside his close-knit circle. His good breeding was obvious only to those whom he knew well. Elizabeth is prejudiced against Darcy for entirely different reasons. She rec... ...l fortune of her own, as did Mr. Bennet. They did not love each other but stayed together, proving to an extent the family values of the time. Mrs. Collins married for the sake of getting married and settling down. Her desire to have a family of her own overrode the many failings of the man she married. Fortunately some marriages were based on love. Jane and Elizabeth found the perfect matches. Their beaus were good, principled, financially secure men. Austen presents the two major contrasting types of marriages. Both kinds reflect the mentality of that time period. I enjoyed this book immensely. Jane Austen's style of writing delights me. Her work may not be profound but it is insightful, and light-hearted. Her characters are distinct and universal. Elizabeth is one of my favorite literary characters. Her confidence, wit and spirit can only be enjoyed.

Caffeine Extraction from Tea Pre Lab Report Essay

Describe an alternative method for evaporation of the CH2Cl2 Can be steamed and then rinsed with ethyl acetate for several hours, and then rinsed with water, or can be soaked in a bath of CO2 and run through water, making carboxylic acid. (2) Caffeine: (4) Repeated exposure can produce general deterioration of health by an accumulation in one or many human organs. First Aid Measures: Eye contact – Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Cold water may be used. WARM water MUST be used. Get medical attention. Skin Contact – Immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention. Serious Skin Contact – Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical attention. Inhalation – remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention. Serious Inhalation – Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Seek medical attention. Ingestion – do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention immediately. Dichloromethane: (5) Causes eye and skin irritation, respiratory tract irritation. Harmful if swallowed and possibly if inhaled. May cause central nervous system effects, and kidney damage. First Aid measure:  Eyes – immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical aid. Skin – flush skin with plenty of water. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical aid if irritation develops and persists. Wash clothing before reuse. Ingestion – If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid. Inhalation – remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult,  give oxygen. Get medical aid. 6. A rotary evaporator (rotovap) is typically used in chemistry for the removal of solvent from samples by the process of evaporation. Can also be used in molecular cooking for the preparation of distillates and extr acts. How the rotovap works, is it increases the rate of evaporation of the solvent by reducing the pressure to lower the boiling point of the solvent, rotating the sample to increase the effective surface area and heating the solution. (6)   When performing a liquid-liquid extraction, the separatory funnel should be (c) 3/4 full. List two things you should do before pouring liquid into a separatory funnel: be sure the stopcock is in the closed position  be sure the stopcock is sideways tight.  Dichloromethane will be the bottom layer, since it has a higher density than the aqueous solution. The stopper must be removed from the sep funnel when liquid is being drained from it through the stopcock, so that air can flow in through the top while the liquid is flowing out the bottom. References 1. Chem Spider. 2011. Caffeine. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2424.html. [Accessed 07 October 14]. 2. Beverage Answers. 2014. Decaffienated Tea – How is Decaf Tea Made. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.beverageanswers.com/tea/decaf-tea.html. [Accessed 07 October 14]. 3. The Modern Embalmer. 2012. CALL OF THE WILD: TAXIDERMY TANNIC ACID/TANNINS IN EMBALMING. A DEAD-END ROAD TO FORMALDEHYDE-FREE CHEMICALS.. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.themodernembalmer.com/tannin.html. [Accessed 07 October 14]. 4. Science Lab. 2013. Material Safety Data Sheet Caffeine MSDS. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927475. [Accessed 07 October 14]. 5.Science Lab. 2013. Material Safety Data Sheet Dichloromethane MSDS. [ONLINE] Available at: http://wcam.engr.wisc.edu/Public/Safety/MSDS/Dichloromethane.pdf. [Accessed 07 October 14]. 6. Chem.UCalgary. 2014. Organic Laboratory Techniques. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.chem.ucalg ary.ca/courses/351/laboratory/rotavap.pdf. [Accessed 07 October 14].

Mathimatical knowledge and a link to the real world

Outside school, real-life jobs and state of affairss for which mathematical cognition may be utile frequently do non show themselves in such familiar signifiers. The single must interpret the state of affairs or job into a signifier that exposes the relevancy and utility of mathematics. If pupils are unpracticed at such a procedure, the possible power of mathematics to assist cover with the state of affairss and jobs of their life may non be to the full realized and may besides ensue to jobs. Researchs have shown that bulk of pupils are sing jobs in mathematics. The importance of mathematics is likely ignored because of pupils ‘ public presentation over the topic ( Kulak,1993 ) . Globally, about all pupils are kicking about failure in mathematics because of negative attitude over the topic. ( Betz, 1978 ; cited by Zakaria, 2010 ) . Ashcraft ( 2002 ; cited by Hopper, 2010 ) supposes, because of math anxiousness which has developed because of negative experience about mathematics, pupils tend to avoid mathematics which could take to failure. Harmonizing to a research conducted in Florida, the per centum of pupils who failed in math additions ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.tbo.com/content/2009/oct/21/college-students-need-help-required-math-classes/news-breaking/ ) . Harmonizing to Tobias ( 1993 ; cited by Philips, 2010 ) , 1000000s of grownups are blocked from professional and personal chances because they fear or perform ill in mathematics, these negative experiences remain throughout their grownup lives. Furthermore, negative attitudes towards mathematics can do cryings of defeats ( Sollesta, 2007 ) . This could ensue to ignorance of Numberss which could take to battles in simple minus and add-on. In the Philippines, Filipino pupils are holding jobs when it comes to math proficiency ( Malipot, 2009 ) . In fact, merely a few per centum crossed the 75-percent degree in math in the 2006 National Achievement Test ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.undp.org.ph/ ? link=news & A ; news_id=231 & A ; fa=1 ) . In add-on, A figure of pupils are dropping mathematics aside from scientific discipline classs normally before and even after scrutiny ( E. Senajon et Al ; in www.philjol.info/index.php/EACRB/article/viewPDFIntersritial/ †¦ 1286. ) . This is an indicant of an bing perennial job because of negative mathematics attitude that has been overlooked by concerned offices and section. The job of mathematics attitude leads to the preparation of different schemes to bring on the involvement of the pupils to analyze mathematics. In fact, the Department of Education ( Ronda, 2009 ) created a scheme to promote public school kids to read every bit good as appreciate mathematics. On the other manus, failure because negative attitude over mathematics can take to miss of assurance to most Filipino pupils ( Chua, 2006 ) , which is possibly a greatest obstruction to acquisition because beliefs govern a individual. The belief that they can non make something may force pupils unable to execute a undertaking of which they are genuinely capable. Locally, peculiarly in Cor Jesu College, a figure of pupils failed in mathematics topics specifically in the Division of Business and Accountancy based from the bluebook where failed pupils are listed. This research is conducted for the intent of cognizing the relationship between mathematics attitude and mathematics public presentation to selected first twelvemonth Bachelor Science in Accountancy pupils.Theoretical ModelIn old researches ( Di Martino & A ; Zan, 2001, 2002, 2003 ; Zan & A ; Di Martino, 2003 ) deficiency of theoretical lucidity that characterizes research on attitude has been the issue of most research workers. The deficiency of theoretical model that characterizes research on attitude toward mathematics is partly shown by the fact that a big part of surveies about attitude do non supply a clear definition of the concept itself: attitude tends instead to be defined implicitly and a posteriori through the instruments used to mensurate it ( Leder, 1985 ; Daskalogianni & A ; Simpson, 2000 ) . This survey is anchored with Cognitive-Gestalt theory. Harmonizing to Burns ( 1995 ; cited in hypertext transfer protocol: //www.brookes.ac.uk/services/ocsd/2_learn/theories.html ) the accent of this theory is on the importance of experience, significance, problem-solving and the development of penetrations. Which proves that the public presentation of the pupil depends on their experiences either at place or in school and how they give intending to it.s In the facet of instructor ‘s behaviour and its scheme, Weiner ‘s ascription analysis supposes that pupils ‘ operation is affected by the instructors ‘ emotional and behavioural reactions ( Stipek, 2002 ; p-73 ) which means, pupils ‘ public presentation in the schoolroom can be brought about by instructor ‘s behaviour or attack towards the pupils and the topic itself. In add-on, Weiner ‘s ascription analysis brings in clear beliefs that the schoolroom is the topographic point where judgement is conveyed, non merely when it comes to pupils ‘ behaviour but besides the instructor ‘s response toward the pupils ( Stipek, 2002 ; p-73 ) . Silva, Tadeo, Delos Reyes, & A ; Dadigan ( hypertext transfer protocol: //math.usm.my/research/OnlineProc/ED12.pdf, 2009 ) , assume that despite how knowing the instructors are in learning math, it is still non plenty to learn the pupils and incorporate that cognition towards acquisition. On the other manus, public presentation in mathematics can besides be rooted from anxiousness. Harmonizing to Stodolsky ( 1975 ; cited by Stipek, 2002 ) mathematics direction that is fostered in pupils stating that mathematics is something that is learned from an authorization which can non be figured out on one ‘s ain. Stodolsky supposes that the pupils perceive the topic as hard to analyze on 1s ability and instead necessitating an authorization to larn the topic. This authorization is the instructor as mentioned by Stodolsky. The conceptual model of the survey elaborated the relationship between Mathematicss Attitude ( independent variable ) which was measured into three dimensions: ( a ) Cognitive dimension, ( B ) Behavioral dimension, and ( degree Celsius ) Affective dimension ; and Mathematics Performance of Bachelor of Science in Accountancy Freshmen, school twelvemonth 2010-2011 in the topic, College Algebra and Accounting 1. The See Fig.1Conceptual ModelIndependent Variable Dependent VariableMathematicss AttitudeAffectional DimensionBehavioral DimensionCognitive DimensionMathematicss Performance inCollege AlgebraAccounting 1Fig. 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the StudyStatement of the ProblemThis research was examined the relationship between mathematics and mathematics attitude and mathematics public presentation of Bachelor of Science in Accountancy ( BSA ) freshers, school twelvemonth 2010-2011. Specifically, it will besides try to happen the replies of the undermentioned sub-problems: What is the profile of the pupils ‘ mathematics attitude in footings of: Cognitive, Behavioral, and Affective? What is the pupils ‘ mathematics public presentation in capable countries: College Algebra and Accounting 1? Is there a important relationship between mathematics attitude and mathematics public presentation?HypothesisHolmium: There is no important relationship between mathematics attitude and mathematics public presentation.Significance of the StudyThe importance of this survey is to steer the undermentioned people: Students. The consequence of this survey will assist the pupils in cognizing the possible grounds why they are dying in math. Parents. The result of this survey will assist the parents know the possible ground for their kid ‘s failure in math. It will be helpful for them to be cautious with their kid ‘s public presentation. Teachers. The findings if this survey will function as a manual for the instructors peculiarly math instructors in finding what scheme to utilize cognizing the information given in this survey. The consequence of this research can be used as a footing to decrease, if non extinguish failures by set abouting alterations and inventions in instructions and the course of study in general. This will function as an oculus opener toward absorbing advanced thoughts in instruction. Psychologists and School counsellor. The consequence of this survey will be used as a footing for the school counsellors every bit good as the psychologists to better understand why pupils behave or misbehave in math. Administrators. The findings of this survey can function as one of the bases for curricular rating and planning. It will besides steer the decision makers in their witting attempt to undergo planned alterations in pulling up systematic strategy of measuring pupils ‘ public presentation. Researcher. The consequence of this survey will supply a foundation for new research.Scope and Restrictions of the StudyThe survey is limited to freshers pupils who are enrolled in topics College Algebra and Accounting 1during the first semester, peculiarly the Bachelor of Science in Accountancy, Cor Jesu College confined to period of 2010-2011. The range of the survey is more likely for the benefit of the instructors sing the per centum of pupils in footings of their mathematics attitude in relation to mathematics public presentation of the pupils. Findingss of the survey would therefore, be true merely for the topics concerned and for the given period of clip, although these could be used as footing for similar surveies that would be conducted at the different colleges in the state.Definition of FootingsCor Jesu College refers to the premier Catholic establishment in Southern Mindanao, peculiarly located in Digos City, Davao del Sur. Mathematicss attitude refers to the pupils ‘ reaction towards mathematics as a topic and as an application. Specifically determined into three dimensions: ( a ) cognitive, ( B ) behavioral, and ( degree Celsius ) affective. Cognitive dimension refers to the mental facet of attitude which concerns the thought procedure approximately mathematics as a topic and as an application. Behavioral dimension refers to the action facet of attitude which concerns mathematics as a topic and as an application. Affectional dimension refers to the emotional facet of attitude which involves in the pupils ‘ perceptual experience about mathematics as a topic and as an application. Mathematicss public presentation refers to the pupils ‘ competency in mathematics peculiarly in topics College Algebra and Accounting 1. Mathematicss Attitude and Mathematics Performance refers to the relationship of the pupils ‘ perceptual experience,Chapter 2REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIESThis chapter presents subjects on mathematics attitude, mathematics public presentation, and the relationship of Mathematics Attitude and Mathematics Performance as related literatures and surveies.Related LiteratureArticles and some write-ups concerning mathematics attitude, mathematics public presentation, and the relationship between mathematics attitude and mathematics public presentation are abundant. Majority of these articles draw a fact that mathematics attitude and mathematics public presentation show a important connexion in mathematics public presentation.Mathematicss AttitudeMathematicss is the linguistic communication of engineering. It is used to explicate, construe, and work out jobs in Fieldss every bit diverse as technology, economic sciences, communicating, seismology, and ecology. It is the bedrock for the computing machine revolution. Mathematics provides us with powerful theoretical and computational techniques to progress our apprehension of the modern universe and social jobs and to develop and pull off the engineering industries that are the anchor of our economic system. Attitude. Harmonizing to Liska ( cited in ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nd.edu/~rwilliam/xsoc530/attitudes.html ) , attitude is either be favourable or unfavourable appraising reaction toward something or person, exhibited in 1s beliefs, feelings, or intended behaviour. It is a societal orientation – an implicit in disposition to react to something either favourably or unfavourably. The mundane impression of attitude refers to person ‘s basic liking or disliking of a familiar mark. These surveies have shown that, for illustration, misss tend to hold more negative attitudes towards mathematics than male childs ( Frost et al. , 1994 ; Leder, 1995 ) , and that attitudes tend to go more negative as students move from simple to secondary school ( McLeod, 1994 ) . The general attitude of the category towards mathematics is related to the quality of the instruction and to the social-psychological clime of the category ( Haladyna et al. , 1983 ) . The attempt to advance positive attitudes has been slightly successful on the single degree. For illustration, mathematics anxiousness can be reduced through systematic desensitization ( Hembree, 1990 ) . On the whole category degree the attempts to reform learning to advance coveted attitudes have by and large been unsuccessful ( McLeod, 1994 ) . However, recent grounds suggests that collaborative attacks can advance positive attitudes among pupils ( e.g. Boaler, 1997a, B, 1998 ; Ridlon, 1999 ) . An of import purpose of mathematics instruction is to develop in pupils positive attitudes towards mathematics. The impression of holding a positive attitude towards mathematics encompasses both wishing mathematics and experiencing good about one ‘s ain capacity to cover with state of affairss in which mathematics is involved. In this scene, attitudes are perceived as being closely linked to beliefs, emotions, and motive to prosecute in the topic. ( Australian Education Council, 1991 ; cited in, ) Harmonizing to Lopez ( cited in hypertext transfer protocol: //www.articledashboard.com, February 15, 2011 ) , attitude is a permanent rating of people, objects, or thoughts which may be positive or non. The construct of attitude is composed of three constituents which include cognitively-based attitudes, affectively-based attitude, and behaviorally-based attitude. Attitude toward mathematics is defined as a general emotional temperament toward the school topic of mathematics † ( Haladnya et al. , 1983, p. 20 ) . Maple and Stage ( as cited in Schiefele & A ; Csikszentmihalyi, 1995 ) found that â€Å" attitude toward mathematics significantly influenced pick of mathematics major. â€Å" One of the most of import grounds for fostering a positive attitude in mathematics is that it may increase one ‘s inclination to elect mathematics classs in high school and college and perchance to elect callings in a math related field † ( Schiefele & A ; Csikszentmihalyi, 1995 ) Mathematicss Attitudes Attempts in the schoolroom to right the common social perceptual experience that â€Å" mathematics is hard † are frequently exacerbated no less due to the already entrenched attitudes and feelings that pupils have by the clip they reach secondary degree. Kloosterman & A ; Gorman ( 1990 ) suggest that the formation of the belief that some pupils learn more readily than others and non everyone will be high winners in schoolcan lead to a impression that affects accomplishment in mathematics: the impression that it makes small sense to set forth attempt when it does non bring forth consequences that are considered desirable. Besides impacting larning and attitude are other factors such as motive, the quality of direction, time-on-task, and schoolroom conversations ( Hammond & A ; Vincent, 1998 ; Reynolds & A ; Walberg, 1992 ) and as a consequence of societal interactions with their equals ( Reynolds & A ; Walberg, 1992 ; Taylor, 1992 ) . Many surveies have been conducted on mathematics attitudes and instruction ( Leder, 1987 ; McLeod, 1992 ; Zan, Brown, Evans, & A ; Hannula, 2006 ) but for the intents of this undertaking, McLeod ‘s ( 1992 ) definition of attitudes is adopted: â€Å" affectional responses that involve positive or negative feelings of moderate strength and sensible stableness † ( p. 581 ) . McLeod contends that attitudes develop with clip and experience and are moderately stable, so that hardened alterations in pupils ‘ attitudes may hold a durable consequence. Lefton ( 1997 ) besides argues that attitude is a erudite pre-disposition to react in a systematically favorable or unfavorable mode towards a given object. Positive and negative experiences of school activities produce learned responses which may in bend impact on pupils ‘ attitudes as they get older, when positive attitudes towards mathematics appear to weaken ( Dossey, Mullis, Lindquist, & A ; Chambers, 1988 ) . Harmonizing to Hart ( 1989 ) , mathematics attitude should be viewed as a sensitivity to react in an unfavourable or favourable manner to mathematics. By accepting this position, mathematics attitude includes relevant beliefs ( e.g. â€Å" Mathematics helps me understand scientific discipline lessons † ) , behavior ( e.g. â€Å" I will use for a occupation affecting mathematics † ) and attitudinal or emotional reactions ( e.g. â€Å" I like work outing mathematical jobs † , â€Å" I feel disquieted when work outing mathematical jobs † ) . In other words, by generalizing from Key ( 1993 ) , it can be said that an instrument mensurating mathematics attitude should try cognitive, affectional and behavioural spheres, perchance represented, as the old analysis suggests, by assurance in larning mathematics, wishing mathematics and utility of mathematics, for illustration. Cognitive. Mathematics is believed as an exceptionally hard topic that everybody needs some cognition acquired during the primary and in-between phase will do. Its survey requires particular ability and intelligence ( Sidhu, 1995 ) . The importance of math is likely ignored because of pupils ‘ public presentation in the topic. The bulk of pupils referred for school psychological science services are sing some academic jobs. Although reading accomplishments shortages are the common of these academic jobs, researches have shown that the bulk of pupils sing jobs in mathematics ( Kulak, 1993 ) . Malipot ( 2009 ) believes that instructors and the authorities ( Sabater, 2006 ) can assist pupils in bettering their ability in the field of mathematics. Dr. Balmaceda ( Garcia, 2007 ) dispels the popular misconception that math is merely about measures ( how many ) . Most fail to see the originative facet of mathematics. Affective. It is a phenomenon that is frequently considered when analyzing pupils ‘ jobs in mathematics ( Hopper,2010 ) . On the other manus, Chua ( 2006 ) supposes that math anxiousness is a merchandise of a instruction scheme. At first, anxiousness may non take topographic point. Skills which are developed based on drills, pattern, and memorisation seem honoring to teacher and pupil likewise. When lessons become more advanced and more complicated, the figure of points to be memorized gives an impossible load to pupils ‘ memory. The pupil would so experience that he has reached a phase at which his apparent success desserts him. Here an anxiety-provoking state of affairs starts to face the scholar. The harder the pupil tries, the worse he/she performs because the pupils will necessarily utilize the lone attack he/she knows, which is mathematics. Emotions are seen in connexion to personal ends. Emotions are besides seen to affect a physiological reaction, as a differentiation from non-emotional knowledge. Third, emotions are besides seen to be functional, i.e. they have an of import function in human header and version. ( E.g. Buck, 1999 ; Lazarus, 1991 ; Power & A ; Dalgleish, 1997 ; Mandler, 1989 as cited by Hannula,2010 )Mathematicss PerformanceStudent battle in mathematics refers to pupils ‘ motive to larn mathematics, their assurance in their ability to win in mathematics and their emotional feelings about mathematics. Student battle in mathematics plays a cardinal function in the acquisition of math accomplishments and knowledge – pupils who are engaged in the acquisition procedure will be given to larn more and be more receptive to farther acquisition. Student battle besides has an impact upon class choice, educational tracts and subsequently calling picksThe Relationship Between Mathematics Attitude and M athematics PerformanceMa and Kishor ( 1997 ) synthesised 113 study surveies of the relationship between attitude towards mathematics and accomplishment in mathematics. The causal way of the relationship was from attitude to the accomplishment. Although the correlativities were weak in the overall sample, they were stronger throughout classs 7 to 12, and in surveies that had done separate analysis of male and female topics ( Hannula, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Ma and Kishor ( 1997a ) , there is a positive interaction between mathematics attitude and mathematics accomplishment ( Kadijevich, February 17, 2011 )Chapter 3MethodologyThis chapter presents the design, puting, participants, step, processs, and informations analysis.DesignThis survey made used of descriptive-correlation design ( Ariola, 2006 ) since the purpose of the survey was to find whether or non there is a relationship between mathematics attitude and mathematics public presentation. This survey determined the important relationship between mathematics attitude and mathematics public presentation of the Bachelor of Science in Accountancy freshers pupils who were enrolled in College Algebra and Accounting 1 during the first semester. The independent variable was the mathematics attitude, which has sub-variables viz. : cognitive, behavioural, and affectional. Furthermore, the dependent variable of the survey was mathematics public presentation which was determined from the concluding classs of the respondents in College Algebra and Accounting 1.PutingThe survey was conducted in the premiss of Cor Jesu College campus located in the City of Digos, Province of Davao del Sur.ParticipantsThe participants of the survey were the indiscriminately selected Bachelor of Science in Accountancy freshers pupils who took up College Algebra and Accounting 1 in the first semester A.Y. 2010-2011. The sampling process was done based on random choice from its entire population of 155. Slovin ‘s expression ( Ariola, 2006 ) was used to find the sample size of 113 pupils. Using the expression below: n = __N__ 1 + NeA? Where ; n = sample size N = entire size vitamin E = desired border of mistake ( 0.05 ) Thereafter, the respondents were selected utilizing the lottery method ( Ariola, 2006 ) . The entire population was arranged consecutive and assigned numerical designations. Matching Numberss were marked on separate checks and were put into a container. This was to guarantee that every person has the same opportunity of being chosen as every other single ( Ariola, 2006 ) .MeasuresThe research instrument used in the survey was the Mathematics Attitude Scale ( MAS ) , retrieved from the survey of Acejalado, Limjap. The writer of the survey was asked by the research worker a permission to utilize the questionnaire. However, the e-mail history of the writer was deactivated. The study questionnaire was composed of 50 points with statements based from the dimensions of attitude, viz. : affectional dimension, behavioural dimension, and cognitive dimension of pupils ‘ perceptual experience about mathematics as a topic and as an application. The respondents were asked to measure the statements through look intoing utilizing the undermentioned measuring ( Likert ‘s graduated table ) : Strongly agree- 1, Disagree- 4, Agree- 2, Strongly disagree- 5, and Neutral- 3. The graduated table of the reading of the average tonss of the dimensions of mathematics attitude set by the psychometrician are as follows: 4.4-5.0 really high, 3.6-4.3 high, 2.8-3.5 moderate, 1.9-2.7 low, 1.0-1.8 really low.ProcedureA missive of permission to the Dean of College bespeaking the blessing for the permission to carry on a research survey in the college section. After which, another missive of permission submitted to the Dean of the Division of Business and Accountancy, ( DBA ) . After holding the blessing, a requisition missive was sent to the caput registrar for the finding of the entire population of DBA freshmen pupils. The information was gathered from the concerned establishments and offices such as the College Dean and the Dean of DBA through a formal missive. After holding the blessing, the names of the pupils who took up College Algebra and Accounting 1 during the first semester were asked from the school registrar through a formal consent. After which, random sampling was made to place the respondents. The instrument disposal was given in January 2011 based from the handiness of the respondents. The questionnaire was follow-upped every now and so. After garnering the full answered questionnaire, each point was tallied in conformity to each respondent.Datas AnalysisChapter 4RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThis chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and reading of the informations gathered utilizing research instrument. Consequences and treatments are presented harmonizing to the job and hypothesis of the survey.

Who S The Real Terrorist

In the video they make strong arguments on what errors is and who are the terrorist. The video does indeed reach its audience and provides a clear message. Ethos The Classroom debate scene doesn't introduce anybody however it does show credibility threw out the video and uses well known actors. The scene in itself shows a lot of credibility ultimately because it is set up as a classroom discussion, setting. The instructor also shows he knows what he is talking about simply because he is throwing out data with numbers. Ultimately numbers make's anything more credible and sometimes even more believable.The student who is shown on the video who is defending the Muslims is a Hindu actor named, Ivies Oberon. While the professor is a well- known star named USAF All Kahn. The rest of the classes are random pro American actors that no one really knows. The audience will automatically agree with the famous and well-known actors. Whereas with the random students who the audience isn't familiar with them will most likely disagree with them. For instance companies use this strategy. They use role models and well known celebrities. For example Lebanon James a well-known basketball player is sponsored by Nikkei, McDonald's, and Coca-Cola.The Meany's intention is target there audience and get there point across. Considering there point being that if, Lebanon James eats or wears this so should you. That's how they attempted to manipulate there targeted audience and get their message across just like in the Exurban debate scene. This automatically gives the actors more credibility in the sense that they actually know what they're talking about unlike the underground actors, consequently takes away their credibility. As a result the actors being used can make their argument stronger and credible.Logos The video scene begins when the teacher states that â€Å"Islam is a religion that reaches peace and tolerates† (Exurban-Classroom Debate Scene, . 32 seconds). As soon as th e instructor finishes one of the students exclaims â€Å"if Islam truly is a religion that preaches peace how come they have the world's most trouble spots like the west bank, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran there all plagued with Islamic terrorism. † (Exurban-Crisscross Debate Scene, . 37 seconds). The student uses a faulty deduction in here statement, she uses composition.She is assuming that all terrorist are Muslims by generalizing that the world most trouble spots are all thanks to Islamic terrorism. Threw UT the movie scene there is quite a lot of logical appeal. The video shows its logical appeal in various ways. They persuade the audience by exposing the United States and claiming that the US is only in the Middle East for the oil and that the Taliban was a creation of the CIA in other words it can be characterized as a lie since there really is no proof or it can also be an appeal to anonymous authority.Despite that, the video gives numbers and compare how more peopl e die in Afghanistan bombing than in 9-1 1 . The student compares how much people have died in Afghanistan bombing being which as more than 15,000 while 9-1 1 had around 3000. The logical appeal is clearly valid and effective to the audience since they support their statements and provide information. To sum it up at the end of the video the student even ends with logical appeal by stating that just because there elites and wear a fancy suit doesn't make them any different than other terrorist.This must have been one of the strongest logical appeal that one of the students states. It makes the audience kind of remove that blind fold that the government has had them have on. It changes the perspective and in a way makes the targeted audience open there eyes. Pathos The emotional appeal is clear throughout the video. You can see the anger in the student who argues how American's are the real terrorist oppose to the other students who are against the Islam religion, they show an expres sion of being worn out of the argument.The student showing his anger convinces the audience in the way of how tired he is of Americans showing there hypocrisy on how the terrorist are Islam religion. While the student who are expressing themselves as worn out help out the argument even more by showing how he has exposed them, which truly will impact the audiences . The video ends with the pro Muslim student showing his anger. His expression makes it look like all Muslims are fed up with Americans stepping in their soil and taking advantage and just bombing there country.The student makes the argument more emotional and appealing as well as the depressing background music. Conclusion In conclusion the movie scene covered the three different rhetorical strategies by either supporting its argument or not making it weaker. The artifact does indeed reach its purpose in persuading and convincing its audience since its argument is based on facts. The video mainly mention on owe the US was bad and are terrorist and gave little information on how Muslims are also terrorist.

Kant Categorical Imperative Essay

Kant’s Categorical Imperative is made up of two formulations, Formula of Universal Law and The Formula of the End in Itself. The first formulation is best described by the following statement, â€Å"Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law without contradiction. † (Kant, 1785, 1993). What does this mean? A maxim is the fundamental rule of conduct or your moral belief upon which you chose to act. A universal law is a law that everyone must follow regardless of the outcome. How do we determine if the maxim can become universal? One of the first things to do is to ask yourself if it would be acceptable that everyone do the same thing that you are considering doing in that situation. We were given several examples in The Elements of Moral Philosophy and the one that made the most impact was â€Å"suppose a man needs money, but no one will lend it to him unless he promises to pay it back-which he knows he won’t be able to do. Should he make a false promises to get the loan? † (Rachels, 2012). If this happened the maxim or universal rule would be anytime you need a loan tell a lie that you will repay it and you will get the loan. This is not something that everyone would be willing to do because you will no longer believe others when they tell you this statement and no one would be willing to make the loans. The second thing you should do to determine if the maxim can become universal is look at your answer to the first question. Did you say â€Å"yes, I think that everyone will do it? †. If so, then ask yourself if it makes rational sense to want everyone in the same situation to do what you are contemplating doing. If your answer was no to either question then your maxim cannot become universal law because it is not considered moral. Overall, based on Kant, an act is morally right only if the primary rule of behavior, which is how you decide to act morally, can constantly and universally relate to you and others. The second formulation is best described by the following statement, â€Å"Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end. † (Kant, 1785, 1993). Basically, this means that morality consists of doing your duty to treat people, including yourself, and an end, never as a means to an end. Kant combined the second formulation with the first because we have a perfect duty to not use the humanity of ourselves or others merely as a means to some other end. Most ends are somewhat subjective because they need only be pursued if they are in line with some particular hypothetical imperative that a person may choose to adopt. (Categorical Imperative Explained, 2012). The second formulation also leads to the imperfect duty to further the ends of ourselves and others. If any person desires perfection in themselves or others, it would be their moral duty to pursue that end for all people equally, so long as that end does not contradict perfect duty. The question of whether or not Kant adequately addresses the problems evident in comparison of the two formulations cannot be summed up with a simple yes or no answer. He makes a good argument for both sides just as he opposes both sides. The difference is whether or not we have the right moral sense to determine why and how our decisions affect ourselves and others. Kant shows that you have struggles when rationality and practicality are conveyed to cover the same matter. So after all this we ask the question, â€Å"How plausible is the theory? † I think that it is a logical theory that clearly assists in making decisions. It provides a plausible account of morality because you can look at others and have a tendency to complete your actions based on those of others. Kantianism is a more consistent theory because it can be universally applied to all. It is more believable because even if the penalties of carrying out an action aren’t necessarily the best, the individual is still obligated to perform the action because it is their duty to do so. Kant’s theory focuses on the motivation of actions and has a clear and distinctive set of universal rules, and is morally sound. Consequently, ethically and morally they are doing the right thing. Bibliography Categorical Imperative Explained. (2012, April 12). Retrieved from Everything Explained: http://everything. explained. at/categorical_imperative/ (1993). In J. W. Ellington, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals (p. 30). Hackett. Kant, I. (1785, 1993). Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals 3rd ed.. . In J. W. Wllington. Hackett. Rachels, J. (2012). The Elements of Moral Philosophy. McGraw-Hill. Reason – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reason Chicago: Reason – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reason (accessed April 17, 2012). The Elements of Moral Philosophy. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://jamesrachels. org/78improvedsentences. htm Chicago: The Elements of Moral Philosophy, http://jamesrachels. org/78improvedsentences. htm (accessed April 17, 2012).

To Kill a Mockingbird Quote Analysis

Reading Log: To Kill a Mockingbird, Chapters 5-7 â€Å"Then I saw the shadow†¦the shadow of a man with a hat on†¦the shadow, crisp and toast moved across the porch towards Jem.. When it crossed Jem†¦ he went rigid. † (53) The context of this quote is during their sneaky trip to Boo Radley’s house. This was the last day Dill was going to stay in Maycomb for this year, so they decided to take a quick peek at Radley Place by creeping around the house and looking through the side windows. As they are take a quick peek, the see the shadow of what they think is Boo with a hat on. They go numb with fear, and run for it.As they are leaving the area from under a fence, they hear a shotgun go off from Radley Place. The quote of narration from Scout accurately describes the kind of fear that the neighborhood legends give to the kids. The description, â€Å" He (Jem) put his arms over his head and went rigid† (53), shows how bloated up of a character Boo Radle y is. They do not even know if this shadow is Boo, however they are frozen with fear. However, after this event occurs, the little gifts that begin to appear in the tree leads the reader to make an educated guess that it is Boo Radley who is constantly giving these gifts.Since they used deductive reasoning to believe that it couldn’t have been Miss Maudie or any other person in Maycomb, they only other person in their neighborhood that came to mind was Boo Radley. Also, to enforce their conclusion that it was Boo Radley who was giving the gifts was when Nathan Radley cemented the hole in the tree. The series of gifts ending up in the tree molded Boo’s character into a more human-like personality. Miss. Maudie also told Scout that Boo used to be a nice boy who only became supposedly â€Å"insane† because of his family.She stated that Boo’s family was extremely religious and drove Boo insane when his father was constantly obsessed with â€Å"sin†. Sc out now has more sympathy for Boo, who is now a poor man who was abused as child, rather than a freak of nature who eats squirrels. Boo symbolizes the growth of Scout more mature perspective of the world. The quote represents Scouts (as well as Jem’s and Dill’s) childish mentality, and sets the framework for Scouts growth of maturity. I have a story that is eerily similar to this one. Several blocks down, we had a lady who never came out of the house.The legend in our townhome complex was that two of the kids only saw her face once, and she yelled at them the moment she saw them. She also supposedly looked like a witch, which was definitely a credible description for us 8 year-olds. Soon enough, we set out to see her face once more. The whole pack of us, about 6 people, stood in front of her house while one of us rang the doorbell several times consecutively to bait her out of her house. As we starting sprinting for our lives, we heard the loudest yelling we had ever h eard.Our fear of her had spiked up exponentially. But obviously, we needed to this again tomorrow. Same plan, same time, and we went underway. However, this time, we decided to hide behind some bushes adjacent to her house. Fifteen seconds later, she came out in a wheelchair with an oxygen tank beneath her. Our fear had turned to shame and sympathy immediately. The lie of her looking like a witch represents the legends of Boo having fangs and eating cats, and the sympathy we had for this lady in her wheelchair represents Boo having an abusive family as a child.